The Importance Of A Electrocardiogram

The Importance Of A Electrocardiogram An electrocardiogram is an important part of the initial evaluation of a patient who is suspected to have a heart related problem. There are 12 small sticky electrodes that applied to the patients chest, arms and legs. However, with some systems, the electrodes may be applied to the chest, shoulders and the sides of the lower chest, or hips. The wires are used to connect the patient to the electrocardiogram machine. The patient will be asked to remain very still while a nurse or technician records the EKG. The electrical activity created by the patients heart is processed by the EKG machine and then printed on a special graph paper. This is then interpreted by your physician. It takes a few minutes to apply the EKG electrodes, and one minute to make the actual recording. The EKG is extremely safe and there is no risk involved. In rare cases, some people may develop skin irritation from the electrode adhesive, but no serious allergic reactions have been reported. The EKG can provide i mportant information about the patients heart rhythm, a previous heart attack, increased thickness of heart muscle, and signs of decreased oxygen delivery to the heart, and problems with conduction of the electrical current from one portion of the heart to another. What Is EKG? The basic importance of electrocardiogram are diagnosing irregularities in the heart, record changes in the heart, and establish baseline for other EKG by using the electrocardiogram machine. An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a quick, painless test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It may be taken at rest or during exercise. It is the standard clinical tool for diagnosing arrhythmias (abnormal rhythms) and to check if your heart is getting enough blood or if areas of your heart are abnormally thick. Small patches called electrodes are placed on different parts of the body. Different tracings of the hearts electrical activity can be made and permanently recorded on paper or in a computer. Three major waves of electric signals appear on the ECG. Each one shows a different part of the heartbeat. The P wave records the electrical activity of the atria. The QRS wave records the electrical activity of the ventricles, and the T wave records the hearts return to the resti ng state. Doctors study the shape and size of the waves, the time between waves and the rate and regularity of beating. Importance of Electrocardiogram There are many importance of EKG but these are the main importance, diagnose irregularities in the heart, record changes in the heart, and establish baseline for other electrocardiogram. Diagnose irregularities in the heart means to provide what need to be done in the heart. It is important to know because there are different types of importance that need to be done in order to know the right heart record during the electrocardiogram testing. Some patient base on their history because a lot of their familys having failure heart problem too. This means that they need more exercise and eat more good meals. Arrhythmias may be seen on 12- leads ECGs strips of one more leads. This means that everything is required for the EKG test. It also improves the patient development because the doctor may tell the patient what is right or wrong. Condition Determined by EKG The condition determined by electrocardiogram are previous heart attack, Heart blocked, Enlarged heart muscle, Rhythm disturbances. It takes a few minutes to apply the EKG electrodes, and one minute to make the actual recording. The EKG is extremely safe and there is no risk involved. In rare cases, some people may develop skin irritation from the electrode adhesive, but no serious allergic reactions have been reported. The EKG can provide important information about the patients heart rhythm, a previous heart attack, increased thickness of heart muscle, and signs of decreased oxygen delivery to the heart, and problems with conduction of the electrical current from one portion of the heart to another. Most of the Electrocardiogram physician and basically the one who help other people that has complaining about slow heart beat, fast heart beat, irregular heart beat or any symptom that they may encountered whatever they doing. It is very important to see the physician right away for ch eck up before the heart beat will become severe problem and this will cause them to death. Junctional Tachycardia Junctional Tachycardia is believed to be caused by enhanced automaticity and is commonly the result of digitalis toxicity (Shade Wesley, 2005). Another cause includes myocardial ischemia or infraction. It can also occur at the any age without a patient history of underlying heart disease. The patient will also complain to palpitations, nervousness, anxiety, vertigo, and syncope frequently accompany with dysrhythmia. When the patient get junctional tachycardia they may also sustained with rapid ventricular rates and retrograde depolarization in their atria because the ventricular filling is not as complete during diastole, leading to compromised cardiac output and the patient may occur heart disease. The rate of the person who has junctional tachycardia is 100 to v180v beats per minute and de P waves inverted may immediately precede, occur during the absent or follow the QRS complex (Shade Wesley, 2005). Myocardial Infraction Myocardial infarction is the death of injured myocardial cells. This may occur when the person has a sudden decrease or total cessation of blood flow through the coronary artery. It is also commonly occurs when the intimacy of a coronary artery ruptures, exposing the atherosclerotic plaque to the blood within the artery. The area of the heart normally supplied by the blocked artery goes through a characteristic sequence of events describe as zones of ischemia, injury and infraction. There are also three key EKG indicators of myocardial ischemia, injury, and infarction; they are changes in the T wave, changes in the ST segment, and Enlarged Q waves or appearance of new Q waves. This means that means that anyone of this changes maybe present without anyone of the others. Placing leads on the client and setting machine control This are the steps they physician need to do before hooking up the EKG leads and electrodes to the patient. First wash hands, assemble the equipment like the EKG machine with electrodes, electrodes pad, alcohol wipes or skin cleansing agent, bath and blanket or sheet, and the patient grown. The physicians need also to identify the patient to make sure they have the right patient. Explain what you are doing, and reassure patient that this procedure is painless but the electrodes are sticky and its little bit cold and the patient need to avoid applying lotion before the test. Position the patient on bed or treatment table in a supine position with are relaxed beside their body. Covers the patient with a blanket leaving the arms and legs exposed to provide privacy. Wipe the skin with a cleansing agent to remove oils, scaly skin, or perspiration and the physician are now ready to apply the 12 electrodes. The patient needs to arrive 15 minutes before the test. There is no pain during the test and the result of the test will send it to your doctor and they will share the result with the patient in 2 weeks. There are 12 leads that will be place in the the body which is the arm, legs, and chest. What is Pacemaker? An electronic pacemaker is a small device use to control the heart rhythm. The Pacemaker electrical device use to prompt the pulses of the irregular heartbeat to a normal heartbeat. Pacemaker is people who have bradycardia. Cardiac pacing is a recognized and widely used treatment for patients presenting with bradycardia. Physicians expect patients to return to normal activities almost immediately post implantation. However, patients themselves may perceive interference to pacemaker function by various routine activities and devices, and hence continue to lead restricted, disabled lives. The aim of this study is to determine if routine activities are perceived by pacemaker patients to interfere with their device function (Pacemaker, 2008). This means that most of the patient who needs to have pacemaker is the old people because they starting to have a slow heartbeat and they need the pacemaker in order to help them breathing. The Pacemaker contains two parts the generator and the part s. The generator is tiny, hermetically sealed computer (Fogoros, 2003). This generator is roughly the size of a 50-cent piece, and approximately three times as thick. The battery life of most pacemaker generators today is 5 to 8 years. EKG interpretation Electrocardiograms are diagnosing irregularities in the heart record changes in the heart. The patient needs to arrive 15 minutes before the EKG test. Avoid using lotion around the chest, arms, and legs because the electrodes pads are sticky. For the women they may have to use gown in the hospital to avoid privacy and for the men if they have hairy hair in their chest the physicians may have to shaved if so that the 12 electrodes can hook up good. There are 12 electrodes that need to be connected during the EKG test (Electrocardiogram, 2005). The physician needs to know if the patient has a normal heart beat or irregular heart that why its very important to go see the doctor right away when people have problems about the heart. It is very important because most of the people who having symptoms are just taking any kind types of medication. When the patient taking the wrong medication without the doctor prescription the body will affect and the body will become perilous. Horizontal li nes measure time (1mm square- 0.04 secs), the vertical lines measure voltage (1mm square- 0.01 mV), and the tic mark will identify 6 sec strip intervals. Heart rate computation has the identify rate which measure ventricular rate unless otherwise specified and its also measure the R-wave. They choose to method to determine or make sure that the rate has six second method box and box method. The six second method count the number of QRS complexes occurring within 6 seconds and multiply the number by 10. During the Holter monitoring or electrocardiogram testing make sure that the V3 leads is under the right nipple if the patient is under 15 years old and if its older than 15 they can hook it up like adult. During the hook up of the Holter monitoring the first step they need to do is to take out the battery compartment and place AA battery, then insert the flashcard with the lip facing downward. Second, push the enter key twice, they will hear the beep sound, then you will be able to e nter the social security of the patient by scrolling the up down side to side keys then select ok button. Third, scroll across the top check the channels 1-3 to make sure all the hook ups are all working and good. Fourth, they should also check the first time by scrolling across the date and time. Fifth, check the duration of the scan and pacer detector by going to the settings then go to start and press the enter button. Lastly, issue the patient what they need to do after 24 hours. The physician needs to hand his/her a log sheet for their activities and symptoms. Electrocardiogram Rhythm Sinus Rhythm is a regular normal rhythm of the heart set by the natural pacemaker of the heart called the sinoatrial node or sinus node. It is located in the right atrium and refers to the normal increase in heart rate that occurs during inspiration when they breathe. Its also a small, slow variation of the R-R interval variation of the normal sinus heart rate respiration (Medical, n.d.). There is also sinus tachycardia which means the sinus rhythm is 100 beats per minute. The QT interval decreases as the rate increases. The maximum rate in sinus rhythm is usually 220-age (Medical, n.d.). The sinus bradycardia or slow heart beat is 60 beats per minute and this may due to parasympathetic dominance at rest (Cardiac, n.d.). The premature ventricular complexes are observed in 60 percent of healthy adults in monitoring. This means that the patient can take home the Holter monitoring and they have a log sheet and they have to write the time and what are they doing. The sheet also is very i mportant because it will record all the information that the physicians need it. The Holter monitor is the recording the heart beat the every time the patient realize of feel that they having a funny heart beat they may need to press the middle button of the Holter monitor. Atrial fibrillation is when human has two upper chambers and the two low chambers. The upper chambers are called the left atrium and the right atriums are the plural of atrium in the atria. When the two lower chambers contact at the excessively high rate, and its an irregular way, the patient has atrial fibrillation. (What, n.d.) Atrial flutter is when a patient complaining about their heartbeat. Most of the patient that has atrial flutter heartbeat has stop beating, and they cant realize any feeling. There are also times that when the patient is lying down they may experience fast heart beat. Most old people have experiencing this because of their age. They may need to stop drinking coffee, soda, lemonade or any drinks that has acid because this will may affect their heart beats. For the patient that has atrial flutter they have to go to emergency room right away and make sure the doctors take x-rays of the patients heart and lungs. To prevent this people need to exercise and eat healthy food. Ventricular Tachycardia is very rapid tachycardia. The causes are cardiomyopathy and heart failure can occur without heart disease. Ventricular Fibrillation: Right and Left Main Coronary Artery The right main coronary artery originates from the side of the aorta and passes along the antrioventricular sulcus between the right atrium and the ventricle. They divided into two branches, the marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery. The portion of the myocardium supplied by the right coronary artery includes the right atrium, right ventricle, inferior and posterior wall of the left ventricle and the one third posterior of the intarventricular septum. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the SA node in about 60 percent of the population and to the AV node about 90 percent of the population. Also the posterior-inferior fascicle of the left bundle branch. The left coronary artery originates from the left side of the aorta. It divides into the anterior descending and circumflex branches. The anterior descending artery perfuses the anterior surface and part of the lateral surface of the left ventricle and the anterior two thirds of the intraventricular septum. The branches of the anterior descending artery, the diagonal artery and the septal perforators, help supply blood to the lateral walls of the left ventricle. The circumflex artery supplies the left atrium, anteriolateral, poster lateral, and the posterior wall of the left ventricle. The heart needs its own blood supply because the demand for oxygen in the myocardial cells is extremely high. The coronary arteries provide a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardial cell. The heart works constantly to pump blood to the body, so the oxygen consumption of the heart is greater than that of single organs. The terminal branches of the arteries have many interconnections, forming an extensive vascular network. Reciprocal Changes The reciprocal changes are the mirror image that occurs when you have two leads viewing the same myocardial infarction from opposite angles. The infracted zone is electrically neutral, so the lead directly over the heart registers only an unopposed vector moving away from it. This cause the waveform to be negative. The T wave is flipped because of depolarization abnormalities generated by the areas ischemia and injury. The concept is important to relate while looking at the EKG traces because it shows the different areas of the heart. Reciprocal change was noted in all patients with inferior infarction. This means that the ST segment depression is higher. If the Electrocardiogram traces are change the heart will detect the symptom right away or the ST segment will change. Anatomy and Physiology of EKG The heart is a hollow muscular organ that lies in the middle of the thoracic cavity behind the sternum, between the lungs and just above the diaphragm (Pre-reading). The blood enters to the heart for the major veins of the body. The superior vena cava feed the right atrium and the left atrium. The left ventricle supply the left atrium and the right ventricle are in the middle to return blood in the middle. The heart beat consist of two contractions, when the atriums contract the blood is squeezed simultaneously from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and when the ventricles contract the blood squeeze from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and to the lungs. There are also two major veins that deliver blood all over the areas of the body especially in the right atrium. They called this superior vena cava and anterior vena cava. They divides directly in the heart and have different construction. Different Waves P-waves moves in a compression motion similar to the motion of a slinky, while the S waves move in a shear motion perpendicular to the direction of the wave that is travelling. P-wave is basically electrical signature of the current that cause atrial contraction. It is also the portion of the electrocardiogram tracing that represent the depolarization of the myocardium. Its depolarized in the left atrium and reflects to the right depolarization. QRS complex is the portion of the EKG tracing that represents depolarization in the myocardium and the ventricle are activated simultaneously. T-wave is deflection of the normal electrocardiogram following QRs complex and it represent repolarization or recovery of the ventricle. Sinus Arrest A rhythm can also appear irregular when a SA node fails to initiate an impulse. This can be called sinus arrest and is seen as the pause in the electrocardiogram rhythm. They rhythm leading up to the pause looks normal. Sometimes there is also suddenly absence of the P wave as well as the QRS complex and T wave. These are one whos creating gap or pause of the heartbeat. If a SA node fails to fire, then the escape pacemaker from the atria call AV injunction will initiates and impulses. Irregularity may also cause by premature ventricular heartbeat during the electrocardiogram test and the rhythm making R-R interval pause. The rhythm leading up to the pause looks normal if the EKG test is no irregular. A slightly rhythm is where the P-P intervals and R-R intervals vary. The changes of the pacemaker from site to site can lead to this type of irregularities. A cause of the slightly irregular rhythm is when initiation of the heartbeat changes from site to site of each beat. Each of the he art beat is initiates to other area. The QRS ventricle depolarize and it will become larger muscle mass. The ST segment is normally isoelectric and gently blends into upslope of T wave. The point where the ST segment is located will takes off from the QRS ventricle and it goes to the J point.

Job Satisfaction Essay -- essays research papers

Job Satisfaction Do people really like their jobs? Definitely, everyone knows from the news about dissatisfied workers going on strike or even acting violently toward their supervisors, directors, but overall people are quite satisfied with their jobs. A Conference Board study found that 58.6 percent of Americans were satisfied with their jobs in 1995. By the year 2000, that percentage was down to 50.7. But in Uzbekistan (the country of Central Asia where I was born), people generally aren’t satisfied with their job. The reason lays in lack of job choices and payment. People do their job without any satisfaction because they have to earn some money to survive. I think that the main reasons why the people in Uzbekistan are not satisfied with the work they do are the absence of good knowledge of management in the organizations and corruption. As we got knowledge from the â€Å"Organizational behavior† course, we know that job satisfaction influences on employee performance within the organization and organization’s productivity in the whole. So let’s see what is job satisfaction and what factors can influence it. Job Satisfaction—is an individual’s general attitude toward his or her job, or the feelings, reflecting attitudes toward one’s job, are known as job satisfaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Settings, related to the personnel job satisfaction and devotion to the company, are presenting special interest for the theory of organizational behavior and practice of human resource management. A discussion of the job satisfaction problem concentrates attention on the employees’ attitude toward their job, and a discussion of organization devotion –on the attitude toward the organization in the whole. What is job satisfaction once more? Lock gives a following detail definition of job satisfaction: â€Å" pleasant, positive emotional condition coming from your job evaluation or job experience.†1 Job satisfaction is a result of the very employees perception of the fact for how much their job provides important, from their viewpoint, things. There are three most important parameters of job satisfaction. First, job satisfaction represents emotional reaction for the situation lay at the office. It’s impossible to see it, it can be only experienced. Second, job satisfaction is defined often by that extent how much results of work correspond to expectations. For... ...h their job. The results of researches show that employees experiencing job satisfaction feeling with their job possess better physical and moral health, master faster necessary skills, more rarely suffer from industrial traumatism and come with claims. Another positive factor disclosed in one recent research is that employees satisfied with their labor more often demonstrate examples of pro-social, â€Å"civilized† behavior and deeds, for instance more frequent assist their colleagues and clients and in common exert inclination to co-operation.13 In the very whole overview researches occupied in a sphere of organization behavior equally with managers-practicians consider that labor contentment is very important for organization. Some critics notice that this statement still a conjecture, insofar, positive affect of labor contentment still little researched. On other hand, negative impact of labor contentment on organization is unquestionably acknowledged fact. That is why even if consider job satisfaction as a minimal claim, it represents a certain value for the whole health and efficacy of organization and, therefore, deserves study and utilizing in sphere of organizational behavior.

To what extent do World Trade Organization rules act as a barrier to international environmental governance?

Introduction The gradual opening of the arteries of world trade through the World Trade Organisation (WTO), while resuscitating international economics and being a symbol of the â€Å"hyperliberalisation† of trade, has been strangling environmental protection (Conca: 2000, Lowenfeld: 2008: O’Neill & Burns: 2005). The need for an effective, robust and objective way to resolve international disputes is arguably, in the light of the relentless and â€Å"inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before† (Friedman: 1999), stronger than ever and a retreat to the unilateralist ideologies which gave birth to the First World War is almost unthinkable now given our interdependence on each other. The question is can the environment be protected while the aggressive expansion of trade continuesThe birth, by accident, of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1945, was part of an indefatigable drive to combat trade protecti onism, discriminatory trade policies and most significantly armed conflict as a means of resolving disputes in the wake of the second world war (Irwin, Mavroidis & Sykes: 2008, Lowenfeld: 2008, Wilcox: 1949). One of the pronounced goals of trade liberalization is the removal of trade barriers and with the accession of China to the WTO, which replaced the GATT in 1995, the â€Å"hyperliberalisation† of trade is gathering pace with 153 members and 97% of world trade (Conca: 2000, p.484). This unrestricted access, while avowedly positive for economic growth, has been perceived by many commentators as being â€Å"inimical to the quest for global ecological sustainability† as Conca, the most skeptical critic, puts it (Ibid). World Trade Organisation rules have, to a large extent, acted as a barrier to international environmental governance both substantively and procedurally. In terms of the national laws and the WTO, the destabilization of international environmental regi mes and procedural rules the WTO has hindered rather than helped environmental initiatives both nationally and internationally. There have been some signs of progress, however, with a joint report by the United Nations and the WTO in 2010 acknowledging for the first time that some restrictions on the liberalization of trade will be needed to fight climate change (WTO-UNEP Report: 2010) and other commentators discerning a move towards an â€Å"accommodation between the notions of free trade and environmental protection† (O’Neill & Burns: 2005, p.319). It is also vital to note that Conca’s strident objections, while relevant, were written in the year 2000 after just five years of the WTO and therefore omits one important WTO decisions. Nevertheless the author’s biting criticism must be answered and his view is not entirely without justification even in 2012: â€Å"The WTO has proven to be profoundly anti-environmental both procedurally and substantively, handing down environmentally damaging decisions whenever it has had the chance to do so. Fears of a race to a dirty bottom are proving prescient, and optimism that trade rules can be greened from within has waned appreciably† (Conca: 2000, p.484). Part 1:WTO rules and the environment WTO/GATT, national laws and decisionsOne of the central objections to the WTO rules in the sphere of environmental policy is that they, in Conca’s words, â€Å"undercut† national policies (2000, p.486). Erich Vranes adopts more mature terminology for this level of interaction which he labels as â€Å"vertical† as between domestic measures and WTO law (Vranes: 2009). Conca’s objections arise when a national environmental regulation is challenged under WTO rules and, without exception between 1995 and 2000, â€Å"handed down an anti-environmental decision† (Conca: 2000, p.486). There have been six decisions relating to environmental issues under the old GATT regime and just three under the new WTO rules (WTO website: 2012). The case which sparked the hostility to the GATT/WTO regimes is the Tuna/Dolphin case (case 1) where dolphins were being caught in tuna nets and dying unnecessarily in the hunt for tuna (Lowenfe ld: 2008, p.315). The US government sought to ban all tuna imports from Mexico which brought a dispute settlement proceeding under the old GATT rules under article XXIII. America’s defence under article XX (the general exceptions article) was based on the protection of animal life and the â€Å"conservation of exhaustible resources† and proved futile as the Panel found in favour of the Mexicans with the ban on tuna contrary to article XI(1) of the GATT and unjustified by Article XX(b) or (g) (Lowenfeld: 2008, p.317). The other cases under the old GATT regime concerned American taxation on gas guzzling cars brought by the EU in October 1994, the so-called â€Å"son of Tuna/Dolphin† where the EU successfully challenged the Marine Mammal Protection Act in June 1994, the father of the Tuna/Dolphin dispute successfully brought by Canada against the USA in February 1982 and finally two successful cases brought by the US against firstly Thailand for the restriction an d taxation of cigarettes in November 1990 and secondly against Canada regarding the exports of herring and salmon (WTO website: accessed 2012). Conca’s powerful criticism was written only after two WTO decisions on the environment had been handed down and the rules were interpreted narrowly: firstly United States – Standards for reformulated and conventional gasoline in 1996. In this case, brought by Venezuela and Brazil against the US, measures to ensure imported gasoline complied with air quality restrictions were found to be discriminatory although the WTO panel did emphasize that it was America’s discrimination against imports, which were subject to more stringent measures than exports, which crippled their case; not that they didn’t have a defence or indeed a noble cause. Secondly, in a â€Å"strikingly similar† complaint to the tuna/dolphin decision brought in 1998, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand all challenged US legislation which banned all imports of commercial seafood, pursuant to the Endangered Species Act, to save turtles instead of dolphins: United States Import Prohibi tion of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products. Although the US lost this case, again by virtue of discriminatory behavior, it is clear that the seeds were sown for a fresh start and as Lowenfeld points out, this appellate decision had â€Å"sought to dampen the conflict between the trade and environment communities† (2008, p.323). Furthermore, had the US not discriminated, then it is certain that they would have won both on imports of gasoline and shrimp and indeed the second decision in the shrimp case confirms this (O’Neill & Burns: 2005) . This analysis leaves just one WTO decision in the 21st century: European Communities — Measures affecting asbestos and asbestos-containing products. In this trailblazing decision, brought in 2001 by Canada against the EC ban on asbestos products, the WTO panel found, affirmed later on appeal, that France was entitled to ban such harmful products under the very provisions so controversial in the tuna/dolphins case: â€Å"†¦the Panel found that the French ban could be justified under Article XX(b). In other words, the measure could be regarded as one which was â€Å"necessary to protect animal, human, plant life or health.† It also met the conditions of the chapeau of Article XX. It therefore ruled in favour of the European Communities. (WTO website: accessed 2012)1.2 International environmental regimesAnother powerful criticism leveled at the WTO rules is the perceived parallel at an international level where Conca discerns a â€Å"WTO-based threat to a broad array of international environment regimes† (Conca: 2000, p.487). This threat, which Vrane labels as being on a â€Å"horizontal† level between WTO law and public international law including treaty agreements (Vrane: 2010), is, according to Conca, brought about because these international environmental regimes often depend on trade related measures for their implementation and observance (2000, p.488). The main p roblems are firstly that the WTO’s existence is having a chilling effect on â€Å"global political imagination† (Ibid). Conca justifiably points out that the 1994 Amendment to the Basel Convention, which sought to ban the trade in hazardous wastes, may well be one of the last to target the trafficking of environmental hazards. The continued political impasse concerning the Kyoto Treaty lends weight to Conca’s observations although perhaps, in light of the global recession, the international environmental arena is anyway sterile (Rajamani: 2008). Secondly Article XI of GATT, which prohibits quantitative import/export restrictions is often cited as being a stumbling block and could well be used as the basis of a WTO challenge against environmental regimes such as the one which exists with respect to logging (Conca: 2000, p.489). This problem is still a hypothetical one but nonetheless is relevant and demonstrates perhaps that the rules have had a â€Å"chilling e ffect† on numerous proposed environmental regimes (O’Neill & Burns: 2005, p.330). Conca cites the example of a new logging regime: which failed to materialize at the Seattle conference (ibid). Finally the Basel Convention on hazardous waste is cited by Conca as a battleground: â€Å"Ineffectiveness and a huge loophole for waste ‘recycling’ kept the waste trade†¦alive, leading a coalition of developing countries and environmental activists to push through the ‘Basel ban’ at a 1994 conference of the parties. The constant threat of a WTO challenge has inhibited the collection of the national ratifications needed for the amendment to enter into force, and undercuts efforts to use the regime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Conca: 2000, p.489) Part 2: Procedural Rules of the WTO2.1 Burden of proof, precautionary principle and Amicus CuriaeFinally the rules of the WTO themselves have been justifiably seen as stacking the deck against those who are fighting for the environment (Lowenfeld: 2008, p.327). The burden of proof is, as Conca observes, â€Å"squarely on the shoulders of those arguing for environmental precaution† (Conca: 2000, p.485). The presumption of a violation means that â€Å"the Member against whom the complaint has been brought†, will â€Å"rebut the charge† and the party which is asserting the affirmative of a particular claim will bear the burden of proof: a rule which is universal to all disputes and not just the environmental issues (Sebastian: 2010). Lowenfeld also points to the â€Å"precautionary principle† which dictates that: â€Å"†¦uncertainty regarding the adverse environmental effects of an activity should not be a bar to adoption of measures to prohibit or otherwise regulate the activity, but that such uncertainty provides an affirmative justification for adopting such measures† (2008, p.333). The Beef Hormones case is often cited in connection with this embryonic principle. The Appellate Body held here that this principle was not yet part of customary law but that it was commonsense to weigh the â€Å"severity of the danger against the degree of likelihood that the danger would be enhanced by the challenged activity† (Ibid). Lowenfeld suggests that this line of reasoning could lead to the WTO adopting a â€Å"worst- case scenario† argument which would, quite understandably, undermine environmental protection (Ibid). The author concludes by observing: â€Å"†¦the precautionary principle as formulated by the European Community seems too harsh. On the one hand, it is susceptible to misuse for purposes of competition and protection; on the other, it seems both to overestimate and underestimate science† (Ibid at p.334). Further to the burden of proof and the precautionary principle are the Amicus Curiae briefs: the closed door proceedings used to make it difficult for the stakeholders usually so closely intimated with environmental action (charities etc) to participate and are still difficult to surmount. This procedural innovation, which is a creature of statute, has enabled certain organisations to provide opinions to supplement decisions which are often made by lawyers and economists who usually have little knowledge of environmental effects (Conca: 2000, p.485). Those submitting the Amicus Curiae briefs can be WTO members or non-state actors and it is important to note that the acceptance of such briefs is an exercise of discretion on the part of the Panel (Stern: 2006). The fact that such briefs have become more commonplace undoes Conca’s arguments a little but, as noted above, it is ultimately a question of discretion as to whether an organization is allowed to submit such a brief. Wha t is clear is that the complex ways in which ecosystems can be corrupted do not always fit easily into the burden of proof system.2.1 Interpretation of Article XX of GATTThe interpretation of this article is key to much of the criticism of the GATT/WTO. In both Tuna-Dolphin and Shrimp-Turtle cases it has been noticed that these general exceptions to GATT provisions has been interpreted narrowly by both GATT and WTO panels respectively (O’Neill & Burns: 2005, p.325). This narrow interpretation has fuelled a lot of criticism with the panel in Shrimp/Turtle expressly saying that the WTO supports countries who hold such noble goals and that it was because of the US’s discriminatory behavior that they held against the US. As noted above, however, the decision in European Communities — Measures affecting asbestos and asbestos-containing products could be the beginning of a new era of interpreting the exceptions as they relate to environmental protection. Certainly the WTO has been sensitive to the criticism it has received from many quarters about its handling of such cases. Whether Conca’s observation that â€Å"Playing by WTO rules, the first definitive ‘proof’ of harm will often be irreversible ecosystem collapse† is debatable in the current climate and, arguably, about a decade out of touch (2000, p.485). Conclusion In conclusion the rules of the WTO to a large extent are acting as a barrier to international environmental governance. In terms of the undermining of national and international laws, the procedural flaws in terms of the burden of proof, the precautionary principle and the amicus curiae briefs as well as the narrow interpretation of article XX, the WTO has a lot of damage to undo in the coming years. Much has been written on this volatile subject and it is clear that Conca (2000) is the most scathing critic. His polemic is out of date, however, and although many of his conclusions are valid his overriding point, that there is an anti-green agenda in the WTO is slowly being unraveled. Indeed as far back as the 1998 Shrimp-Turtle case it has been discerned by astute commentators like O’Neill and Burns that the decision is a pro-environmental one, albeit resulting in ultimate defeat for the USA. The recent joint UN-WTO report (2010) is an indicator of the direction which the WTO is going in and the most recent case involving environmental action, the EU-Canada Asbestos case, confirms that a broader interpretation of article XX can provide positive environmental results. Perhaps the greening of the WTO has begun and no doubt the scathing criticism of authors like Conca had something to do with their new-found green credentials. A proper reform of the WTO rules is required but perhaps the tide has already turned as Barkin observes: â€Å"†¦the incompatibility between the rules of the international trading regime and the need for responsible management of the global environment is substantially overstated, and that official interpretations of these rules are becoming consistently more environmentally-friendly over time† (Barkin: 2005, p.334). BibliographyJournalsConca, Ken (2000) ‘The WTO and the Undermining of Global Environmental Governance’ Review of International Political Economy 7:3 Autumn pp 484 – 494 Rajamani (2008) ‘From Berlin to Bali and Beyond: Killing Kyoto Softly?’ International & Comparative Law Quarterly 57(4) pp909-9392.0 BooksBarkin, Samuel.J (2005) ‘The Environment, Trade and International Organisations’ in Dauvergne, Peter (ed) Handbook of Global Environmental Politics Edward Elgar Cheltenham Friedman, Thomas (2000) The Lexus and the Olive Tree Anchor Books: UK Irwin, Mavroidis & Sykes (2008) The Genesis of the GATT Cambridge University Press: worldwide Lowenfeld, Andreas F. International Economic Law (2008) (2nd ed) Oxford Uni Press: Oxford, New York. O’Neill, Kate & Burns, C.G William (2005) ‘Trade Liberalization and Global Environmental Governance: the Potential for Conflict’ in Dauvergne, Peter (ed) Handbook of Global Environmental Politics Edward Elgar Cheltenham Sebastian, Thomas (2010) ‘The law of permissible WTO retaliation’ in Bown and Pauwelyn (eds) The Law, Economics and Politics of Retaliation in WTO Dispute settlement: Cambridge University Press: worldwide Stern, Brigitte (2006) ‘The emergence of non-state actors in international commercial disputes through WTO appellate Body case-law’ in Sacerdoti, Yanovich and Bohanes (eds) The WTO at ten: The Contribution of the Dispute Settlement System: Cambridge University Press: worldwide Van den Bossche, Peter (2008). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, UK: Cambridge University Press Vranes, Erich (2009) Trade and the Environment: Fundamental Issues in International Law, WTO law and Legal Theory Oxford University Press: Oxford3.0 StatuteEndangered Species Act GATT 1947: Articles XXII and XXIII Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972 Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes4.0 WebsitesWTO, ‘WTO and UNEP launch a report explaining for the first time the connections between trade and climate change’, 26 June 2009, Press/559. UNEP issued an identical press release on the same day, available at www.wto.org/english/news.e/pres09_e/pr559_e.htm. WTO website accessed on 2nd February and available from: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_e.htm5.0 DecisionsGATT > United States — Taxes on Automobiles, ruling not adopted, circulated on 11 October 1994. Case brought by EU. > United States — Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, â€Å"son of tuna-dolphin†, ruling not adopted, circulated on 16 June 1994. Case brought by EU. > United States — Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, the â€Å"tuna-dolphin† case, ruling not adopted, circulated on 3 September 1991. Case brought by Mexico, etc. > Thailand — Restrictions on the Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, ruling adopted on 7 November 1990. Case brought by US. > Canada — Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon, ruling adopted on 22 March 1988. Case brought by US. > United States — Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products from Canada, ruling adopted on 22 February 1982. Case brought by Canada. WTO > European Communities — Measures affecting asbestos and asbestos-containing products. WTO case No. 135. Ruling adopted on 5 April 2001. Case brought by Canada. > United States — Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, the â€Å"shrimp-turtle† case. WTO case Nos. 58 and 61. Ruling adopted on 6 November 1998. Case brought by India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand. Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU. Ruling adopted on 21 November 2001. Case brought by Malaysia. > United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WTO case Nos. 2 and 4. Ruling adopted on 20 May 1996. Case brought by Venezuela and Brazil.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Analysis Essay - 939 Words

A Woman’s Journey to Self-discovery â€Å"She had waited all her life for something.† This quote is significant because it epitomizes the struggle of a woman to reach self-actualization. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston juxtaposes opposing places to emphasize the experience gained by the novel’s protagonist, Janie, in each respective location, and to emphasize the effect of that environment on Janie’s journey to attain her dreams. Through this comparison, the author explores the idea of living and experiencing life as a means of self-discovery. Moreover, Hurston expresses another theme central to the novel’s understanding. This particular theme denounces the belief that achieving life experience should always involve†¦show more content†¦Janie’s concept of marriage relates to an interaction between bees and a pear tree, during which time Janie witnessed â€Å"the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embra ce and the ecstatic shiver of the tree...so this was a marriage† (Hurston 11). Because she recognizes that Logan will never be able to fulfill her ideal of marriage, Janie eagerly absconds to Eatonville with Joe Starks. In Eatonville, Janie’s marriage is initially characterized by passion and affluence. However, Joe’s desire to control Janie leads him to coerce her into repressing any personal characteristics that others may find attractive; as an act of dominance Joe convinces Janie to fasten her hair. By doing this, Janie represses her strength and sexuality. As time passes, Janie realizes that she will not become the person that she dreamed of becoming while remaining in Eatonville. After Joe’s death, Janie decides to liberate herself from the constraints thrust upon her in Eatonville. Janie’s newfound freedom is symbolized when she decides to burn the rags that Joe forced her to wear over her hair. Because Eatonville represented oppression to h er, Janie escapes to discover herself. Conversely, the Everglades represent the cessation of Janie’s journey to self-discovery. Janie and Tea Cake initially move to â€Å"de muck† for Tea Cake to seek employment (Hurston 122). However, Janie becomes infatuated with the atmosphere, and decides to permanently settle with her newShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1061 Words   |  5 PagesDivision: Janie Crawford in Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God was written in 1937 by Zora Neale Hurston. This story follows a young girl by the name of Janie Crawford. Janie Crawford lived with her grandmother in Eatonville, Florida. Janie was 16 Years old when her grandmother caught her kissing a boy out in the yard. After seeing this her grandmother told her she was old enough to get married, and tells her she has found her a husband by the name of Logan. Logan was a muchRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God Critical Analysis1502 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis of Zora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Were Watching God Certain goals or visions are often withheld for the simple fact that what we want sometimes does not look right in the eyes of people we hold dear. In The novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora neale hurston, skillfully uses characterization to vividly portray how gender superiority impacts one’s decisions in life. Janie Crawford the protagonist struggles trying to find who she is through the men she meets in her life becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Their Eyes Were Watching God 944 Words   |  4 Pages She moves from an inaudible one to one that carries the lessons she has learned back to the community. Discuss the development of Janie’s voice, of her verbal abilities, in the novel. Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Janie Crawford, the main character of Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, strives to find her own voice in the course of the novel. Throughout the novel, the people with whom Janie lived tried to restrict her to an understood, stereotypical role, but Janie was ableRead MoreCritical Analysis: Their Eyes Were Watching God1397 Words   |  6 PagesIn this love story written by Zora Neale Hurston, we find out that the main character, Janie saw her life as a great tree filled with many trials and tribulations. â€Å"Their eyes were watching God† was written from a woman’s point of view to tell the story of a woman desperately searching for true love and fulfilment. Janie Crawford grew up with her grandmother who forced her to marry at the age of seventeen to ensure a better life for herself. Logan Killicks was an established potato farmer and heRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Eyes Were Watching God 1556 Words   |  7 Pagesspirit of him in the sk y. Theme Word: Love Sentence: In this novel, Janie’s ultimate goal was to have romanticized love. Theme Statement: Having found love makes one’s life feels fulfilled and satisfied. Quotations: In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, there was a quotation that connects to my universal theme statement. In page 108 Janie states, â€Å"Dis ain’t no business proposition, and no race after property and titles. Dis is uh love game. Ah done live Grandma’s way, now Ah means tuh liveRead MoreAn Analysis Of Zora Neal Hurston s Their Eyes Were Watching God1174 Words   |  5 PagesOne can use spring as a rejuvenation of the soul, winter as a barren wasteland, summer the splendor of someone’s life, and autumn the bringer of death. Zora Neal Hurston uses these and similar aspects of nature as a pillar in her novel Their Eyes were Watching God to describe the progression of the life of Janie, the main character. One of the many natural images Hurston provided the reader with was that of the pear tree. The pear tree was a predominant image throughout the early stages of the bookRead MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God Character Analysis of Janie Crawford Zora Neale Hurston’s book Their Eyes Were Watching God, is a novel about one young black woman’s journey to find her own self-worth in an unfriendly world. The story takes place in Eatonville, Florida, from Janie’s youth to adulthood. The author’s intentions was to explain how Janie Crawford after three marriages, finally achieves what she craved all of her life, independence and a strong self-worth. The beginning of the storyRead MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1477 Words   |  6 PagesNot to Speak In the novel Their Eyes were Watching God, the main character, Janie, faces an inner battle in her three marriages, to speak or not to speak, which manifests itself differently with Logan, Joe, and Tea Cake. In her first marriage to Logan Killicks, Janie has her idea of what a marriage should look like shattered, as she failed to fall into the romantic idea of love that she held dear (Myth and Violence in Zora Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God). In her second marriage, to JoeRead MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 878 Words   |  4 Pagesof time and lapse which is why Janie’s case is so unique; in the framework of Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie is born a black woman in a time where neither measure meant much. Yet in defiance of this even from the times of her youth Janie remains defiant, jovial, and content throughout her marriages and the hardships endured in each of her marriages. In accordance of the time; money, property and status were held highly above all other paltry matters of age or emotion so is the case that theRead MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1386 Words   |  6 Pagesfigure out what you want to do with your life,and things we like. We find out what makes you unique. You find out what true happiness is, but you have to take risks and let things go and try new things. A great book that shows this is â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God†. Janie, the main character, is involved in three very different relationships. Zora Neale Hurston, the author, explains how Janie learns some valuable lessons about marriage, integrity, and love and happiness from her relationships with Logan