Science: Meaning of Life

What does science and technology mean? These are two different words comprised by different alphabetical letters. When these words are separate, they give different meaning but when combined form a specific meaning. As we have modernized ourself from past to future, in the same way science and technology has turned out and proved itself to be a great need for human beings. Science generally means to deal with creatures, environment, human life etc. physically, chemically and biologically. It is the part of our daily life. It has totally grabbed us in itself in such a way that now it is very difficult for us to get away of it.Science has become a vital part of our life, more vital than our basic needs. Technology is the word which expresses the technique from which an object is made. Technology is also a part of our daily life. It can be said so because the technological things like mobiles, vehicles, fan, etc have made our life so easy. It is also true that life without technological things is not possible now and if it is so than it will be a great disaster for this world and also for the people living here. If we talk about science and technology then it will be day and night but the talk wouldn’t end.It is so because it’s not a minor topic but it is a major topic not for you and me only but for whole world. Science and technology has almost captured the whole planet and it is impossible for us to survive without it. So all in all we can say that science and technology has become like a major body part for us and we can’t move ahead if it is separated from our life. It can also be said that now our life is dependent totally on science and technological inventions and objects. If it goes on developing than we will reach on top of world but if it suddenly stops than we will return to the same position from where we started our life.

NASW Code of Ethics Essay

However, the same section of the Code also suggests that social workers are entitled to limit the â€Å"right of clients to self-determination† if and only if the â€Å"clients’ actions or potential actions pose a serious, foreseeable, and imminent risk† to either the patient themselves or to others including their relatives. These things being the case, it goes to show that the attending physician, with the consent of his superiors, may refuse the request of the patient or the relatives of the patient to cut-off his life-support system. It is this case which shows how the obligation of the social worker can override the right of the patient to self-determination. The result is an ethical dilemma where the attending physician is forced to make a decision; no middle-ground option is available. Section 1. 06 provides the immediate action that should be taken should the need arise. The section states that social workers ought to â€Å"inform clients when a real or potential conflict of interest arises† (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). Thus, the first thing that the attending physician should do is to inform the patient or—if the patient is in a physical state where he is unable to make decisions on his own or comprehend the situation—the relatives of the patient about the conflict. In doing so, the attending physician is able to preempt confusion on the part of the patient or the relatives of the patient. Doing so also reinforces the idea that â€Å"a major stakeholder in business must be the communities of which corporations and other organizations are a part† (Ethics and the Organization, p. 215), part of which are the clients or patients of the social workers. Lastly, informing the patients or his relatives about the conflict of interest can help the patient or his relatives reconsider the decision. The same section also provides that reasonable steps should be taken, steps that treat the clients’ interests as primary and â€Å"protect clients’ interests to the greatest extent possible† (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). The situation under inquiry indicates that the primary interest of the client or his relatives is to cease his life-support system. This being the case, the prerogative for the attending physician is to uphold the interest of the client which is cease the patient’s life-support system regardless of whether or not the attending physician the decision reflects his personal position. The physician’s immediate superior similarly cannot override the decision of the client since the interest of the client still overrides the decisions of the superiors. In the case, there are two reasons behind the decision of the clients to cease the life-support system of the patient. One is that the patient is terminally-ill and two is that the patient’s family can barely afford the fees required to continue the provision of the life-support system. In Section 1. 13 of the NASW Code of Ethics, it is stated that â€Å"social workers should ensure that the fees are fair, reasonable, and commensurate with the services performed† (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers). If the clients cannot afford the facilities and services provided by the health organization where the attending physician is working for despite being fair, reasonable and commensurate with the services provided, there is little reason to deny the request of the clients. It is important to note that the health organization also has its own shareholders; it is similarly unethical to not consider the financial interest of the health organization if the clients themselves are already requesting for the cessation of the life-support system of the patient. The fact that the patient is already suffering from a terminal illness is a guarantee that the health condition of the patient is beyond cure. As far as the NASW Code of Ethics is concerned, it is safe to assume that it is ethical for the attending physician to grant the request of the client to cease the life-support system. But in doing so, it is imperative to let the client sign a waiver which will make certain that the clients are fully aware of the consequences of their decision and of the options that they have. The case may stand as a precedent for future cases with similar nature together with the provisions in the NASW Code of Ethics. The decision to execute the request of the clients is also consistent with the core values emphasized in the Code, specifically the values of competence and integrity. Fully discussing with the clients the consequences of their decision and the circumstances of the case shows the capacity of the social worker to remain professional and to avoid becoming too much engaged in the personal affairs of the clients. It also shows the integrity of the social worker in keeping in mind his limitations and his obligations to his clients. In the event where the client raises a complaint after the execution of their decision, a selected panel will head the investigation of the case. The panel will use the NASW Code of Ethics together with the facts as the bases for deciding the case. The system of inquiry discussed herein focuses on the context of social workers dealing with ethical dilemmas involving the interests of the clients and the obligation of the social workers to uphold the welfare of their clients. The NASW Code of Ethics is a critical part in the system of inquiry because it lays down the vital functions of social workers and the extent upon which they can perform their duties. As far as the organization is concerned, the Code provides the benefit of having an accepted guideline to base their decisions and actions while considering the interests of their clients. The Code also makes the decision-making process of the organization more efficient with minimal hindrances on resolving conflicts of interests. More importantly, the Code allows for the consistency in the decisions and actions of the individual members and agencies under the NASW when dealing with problems that involve the interests of their clients and the duties of social workers. References Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Retrieved April 18, 2009, from http://www. socialworkers. org/pubs/code/code. asp Ethics and the Organization. In Managing Business Ethics. Ethics as Organizational Culture. In Managing Business Ethics.

Jacques Cartier Essay

Jacques Cartier was born in St. Malo, France on December 31st in 1491 and died there also on September 1st 1556 when he was 65 years old. The name of his home was Limoelou. He married Mary Catherine des Granches in 1520. He was a respectable sailor and had travelled to South America and mainly Brazil before his great expeditions to Canada. The King in France was named Louis I and he was looking for a northern passage to China which was called the Orient in that time. Cartier had two relatives called Jean LeVeneur and the Abbot of Mont saint-Michele who convinced the king of France to fund and help Jacques Cartier find the passage to the Orient. Cartier left to find this passage on April 20th of 1534 and sailed with two ships. This was Cartier’s first of 3 trips that he made to Canada. The ships were called the Triton and the Goeland. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean and got to Newfoundland in only 20 days. It was at this time that he started to explore Newfoundland, the areas that se now know as the Atlantic Provinces and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Some of the islands he visited were The Islands of Birds. His crew killed about one thousand birds. Most of the birds were Great Auks, which look like puffins, and now they are extinct. When he landed in Newfoundland he met with Indians called Micmacs but he didn’t trust them and then when he sailed north to Gaspe he met Indians fishing that were from a tribe called the Iroquois. This place was called Honguedo and the chief of the Iroquois group was Donnacona.   Cartier wanted to show his importance to the Indians and put up a big wooden cross with the French symbol of the Fleur des Lys on it. It was July 24th 1534. During this time he also took the land in the king of France’s name. Donnacona was not very happy. However, Cartier made a large feast and invited Donnacona and his two sons (Domagaya and Taignoainy) to go back to France with him. Cartier promised to bring them back. Donnacona and the others spent eight months in France and when they came back with Cartier on his second voyage and because they had learned to speak French they helped Cartier learn a lot of information about this new land and helped Cartier find the great river that he had missed on his first voyage. It was now May of 1535. For his second voyage he sailed with three ships and one hundred and ten men. The ship’s names were: Grande Hermine, Petite Hermine and Emerillon. Jacques Cartier was hoping to find many jewels and gold to take back to the king of France. During his second voyage many men got very sick with scurvy and died. Scurvy is caused by not having enough vitamin C and can cause loosing teeth, spots on the skin and bleeding. 85 men survived because the natives taught them how to make and drink a mix made with the bark of the white cedar. Cartier sailed up the great river to Stadacona which is now Quebec City and then went by longboat to a village called Hochelaga which he called Mont Real. From the top of Mont Real he could see that would not be able to go any further into the river. Cartier spent the winter of 1535 to 1536 in Stadacona and returned to France in May of 1536 with about ten natives including Donnacona and his sons. Unfortunately, he went back without finding any riches but he did plan to colonize the areas he saw during his second voyage. On his third voyage to Canada in August of 1541 he arrived without the natives that he captured during the second voyage and the Captain who the king of France put above him was Jean-Francois de La Roque Agona de Roberval. Agona was now the only chief at Stadacona. Cartier and Roberval settled with some seeds for flowers, cows, kitchen gardens, and seeds for turnips, cabbage, and lettuce. They called this settlement Charelsbourg-Royal. The sailors also collected what they thought were diamonds and gold. Cartier decided that a passage to China did not exist and so he returned to St. Malo. The diamonds and gold ended up being quartz and iron pyrite (fool’s gold). Roberval continued with the colonization of the area but Jacques Cartier because he did not have enough money and because the king was disappointed in Cartier’s voyages. Jacques Cartier never returned to Canada again. He spent the rest of his life giving navigation advice, being a Portuguese translator and going through his travel memories. He still lived in Limoelou, St. Malo with his wife. He never had any children and died of the plague on September 1st 1557. Cartier’s most important contributions were that he gave Canada its name from the word â€Å"Kanata† meaning village. He discovered Prince Edward Island. He was the first explorer to go to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and he drew the first to draw very good maps of the St. Lawrence River which was very important to the explorers that came after him. In 1905 a representative of Canada who went to France asked the French Government to build a statue of him in St. Malo. In 1984 Limoelu, Cartier’s home was bought, restored and made into a museum by the Macdonald Stewart foundation. Jacques Cartier’s name will forever be a part of Canada’s History. This makes him a great explorer. Bibliography World Wide Web Encyclopedia of French cultural heratige in North America. â€Å"Jacques Cartier† http://www.ameriquefrancais.org Helen rain. http://helen-rainblogspot.com/2009/03/jacquescartier.html Wikipedia. â€Å"Jacques Cartier†. http://www.wikipedia.org Birth of Jacques Cartier. http://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/?p1983 Jacques Cartier, Explorer. http://www.answers.com/topic/jacques-cartier Internet Images Google Images. Jacques Cartier. http://www.google.ca/images?hl=en&source=imghp&biw=1276&bih=791&q=jacques+cartier&gbv=2&aq=5&aqi=g10&aql=&oq=jacqu

Organized crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organized crime - Essay Example Nevertheless, there are certain features that characterize organized crime, which are used in investigating if a crime is organized. Organized crime involves an act of violation of law that had been pre-arranged. The planned criminal activity is for the purposes of making profit, and it entails use of threat, violence, and intimidation. Additionally, a lot of corruption evolves as the involved persons attempt to escape from arrest and prosecution. Cressey and Abadinsky have researched a lot on organized crime. However, their definition and understanding of organized crime differs. Cressey argues that organized crime makes available illicit goods as well as services to the society. He thus asserts that organized crime is part of the legitimate society though it provides illegitimate goods or services. Abadinsky claims that organized crimes are meant to provide goods and services required by the society. His description of organized crime emphasizes on the attributes that make a crime to be considered as an organized one. This essay focuses on Cressey’s and Abadinsky definitions of organized crime. Additionally, the essay will compare the two definitions. Howard Abadinsky defines organized crime as a non-ideological enterprise that encompasses individuals with close social ties, is planned on hierarchical foundation, with not less than three ranks and is aimed at acquiring power profits in addition to power. The enterprise attains the above by engaging in illegal as well as legal activities. The persons in the different ranks have different roles to play, which are assigned depending on one’s skills. Abadinsky asserts that the group does not have to share kinship ties to engage in organized crime. Abadinsky adds that, the members strive to make the enterprise part of their goals and are willing to use violence or corruption to attain their goals. Abadinsky argues that organized crime has no political goals and the membership is limited (Abadinsky 1- 6). On the other hand, Donald Cressey defines an organized crime as a crime that occupies a position in a social system and is planned to capitalize on profits through providing products and services that are legally forbidden but demanded by members of the society. Cressey argues that the main attributes that characterize organized crime include set up agreements, rules, and regulations that the members of the group perpetuating the crime must follow. As opposed to Abadinsky who asserts that some of the activities performed by organized crime groups are legal, Cressey argues that most of the activities performed by organized crime groups have antilegal attitude and do not comply with the code of conduct. Cressey posits that the enforcer, corruptor, as well as the corrupted persons in an organized crime are important in coordination of organized crime (Cressey and Finckenauer 70-73). Abadinsky categorized organized crime into two. He named the two categories as bureaucratic or corpo rate and the patrimonial or patron. Additionally, Abadinsky came up with certain attributes that define either of the two types of organized crime. The attributes include lack or ideological motive, occurs over an extended period, entails use of tactics or strategies, which have been planned over a long period. Another attribute is that organized crime is directed by rules in addition to code of ethics shared by the perpetrators. An additional attribute of organized crime is that it is aimed at creating monopoly on certain goods and

Health Isurance and Quality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Isurance and Quality - Research Paper Example Erris in his report on Safer Health System recons that medical errors cause’s high death rate, disability and terminal ailment. The DHCS has since introduced policies that help in reducing health care acquired problems. It also emphasis on monitoring and tracking of health care progress to ensure better health care services. DHCS has established measures such as the realization of section 2702, ACA. According to this section, the Department of Health aims at reducing preventable health conditions such as a foreign object after a surgery, a falls, trauma and surgical infections (Douglas, 2012). Moreover, implementation of ‘Delivery System Reform Incentive Pool’ (DSRIP) helps in improving the quality of health care(Douglas, 2012). DSRIP is financed through the Medicaid program. The program aims at improving early detection and management of serious blood infections. Douglas outline more preventable measure including reducing harm in hospitals, preventable events and improving on maternal health care and obstetrical outcome. Provision of effective, efficient and affordable health care is a measure that improves on the quality of health care. In order for an effective health system, the department of health has simultaneously considered the need for proper health care in relation to population health, per capita cost of health care and quality given that there are limited resources. These challenges require development of health care models such as organizations, medical homes and, ensuring none of abuses and fraud in care givers. DHCS has provision that enhances care of Seniors and People with Disabilities. To this effect, the DHCS utilizes the 11 15 Waiver that allows it to coordinate, manage and improve care to Seniors members and Persons with Disabilities (Douglas, 2012). The DHCS is in the process of developing an innovative program where people eligible for Medi-Cal and Medicare will find assistance. The

Tourism in morocco and how americans see morocco as a touristic Essay

Tourism in morocco and how americans see morocco as a touristic destination - Essay Example Notably, the same trend was visible in the case of Americans too. As Kiesnoski (2008) points out, there was a 30% rise in the number of American tourists to Morocco on an annual basis since 2008 and it seems that America has been hostile to Morocco all along. However, the situation is improving due to a number of reasons. As such, this paper seeks to critically evaluate the perceptions held by the Americans towards this country and the measures that can be implemented by Morocco in order to attract American tourists. Basically, Morocco is different from the other Middle East nations as a result of different cuisine and traditions. Morocco has the relics of Arab, French, Spanish and Portuguese traditions. As a result of these favorable conditions one can see that the nation is not as calamitous as its Middle East neighbors. Admittedly, Morocco has relatively good relations with the U.S. from the 1950s and the US Government has been working along with the Moroccan authorities to improve the lives of Moroccans. While other nations were turned upside down by citizens calling for revolution, and as the rulers of those nations retorted with military and weapon resulting in mass killings, Morocco witnessed peaceful agitations which are legally allowed and a peaceful referendum from the King offering limited monarchic power. Coskun (2011) posits to the effect that another important point is that unlike other Islamic nations which want to end the rule of monarchs, the majority of the electorate in Morocc o expressed total trust in the King. Thus, according to The Financial Times (2011) report, by adopting a constitutional monarchy like that of Spain or the UK, which is politically open and economically liberal, Morocco stands farther ahead of its Arab companions. Morocco always attracted different types of tourists due to its diversity in cultural tourism it offered. Tourists to Morocco get a chance to experience the various languages, cultures, dresses, and lifestyles

Should driver's be allowed to use cell phones while driving Essay

Should driver's be allowed to use cell phones while driving - Essay Example NHTSA) survey reports that 44 percent of drivers have a phone with them when they drive, 7 percent have e-mail access, and 3 percent have facsimile capabilities. Those numbers are likely to increase. Other technologies that increase possible distractions will also be added to new vehicles, such as easily accessing the internet, getting directions electronically, and receiving real-time information on traffic patterns. With the growing use of modern mobile telephony among the world population, there has been fear of carelessness among users especially when driving. The fear is further compounded by the fact that the majority of mobile telephone users are the youthful generation. Another worrying aspect is that the growing middle class, whose population is also youthful. The growing middle class is associated with the increase in the number of vehicles on the roads. The youth have been described as relatively careless as compared with their older counterparts. The significant costs of mobile phone usage while driving is the increased risk of vehicle accidents, some leading to serious injury or death. It is estimated that up to 41,000 people die in vehicle accidents each year in the United States, with a bigger percentage being caused by drivers who use their mobile phones while driving. These concerns have led to increased call for a ban on the use of mobile phones while driving. This paper is inte nded to provide a cost-benefit analysis of a ban on mobile phone while driving. According to Cohen & Graham (2003), if there is total compliance to a ban on the use of mobile phones while driving, both the benefits and costs of using mobile phones while driving would be eliminated, therefore resulting to a zero-sum game. They also argue that the proportion of property-damage-only crashes, injuries and fatalities attributed to mobile phone usage are equal. Their study further argues that incremental crash risk is proportional to the time spent on the phone. This third

The problems with traditional ethnographic filmmaking as exemplified Essay

The problems with traditional ethnographic filmmaking as exemplified by Nanook of the North - Essay Example The film Nanook of the North is a pioneering effort by film-maker Robert Flaherty. Released in 1922 and filmed in the immediately preceding years, the film was a tentative experimentation in two genres – ethnography and documentary. At a time when the written word was the primary mode of information dissemination, Nanook of the North attempted to achieve what an ethnographic book on the Eskimo would have done. When motion picture as we know it today was taking its early steps as a medium of popular culture, Flaherty, who called it a non-fiction film, can be credited to have made the first documentary. Looking back at the ninety years since the release of Nanook of the North, one can see vast improvisations in film-making technique and technology. The addition of synchronized sound would be another cornerstone in the history of films. (Ellis & McLane, 2005) As can be expected in this early example/experimentation with narrative film, there are a few obvious problem areas. While nominally adapted to the documentary form, the viewer cannot avoid feeling the enactment of a pre-conceived script. It is as if the film-maker, instead of making himself the invisible observer of unfolding events, seems to have instructed Nanook and his clan to perform specific acts. This is typical of not only early documentaries but also the vast body of ethnographic publishing of the previous century. For example, other post-First World War forays in this genre such as Dziga Vertov's The Man with the Movie Camera, Walter Ruttmann's Berlin: Symphony of a City (1927) and John Grierson's Drifters (1929) all share this common flaw. This is also true of Flaherty's subsequent film Moana (1926). Flaherty portrays Eskimo and Samoan cultures in a revisionist mode by creating imagined characters, bringing back to life lost cultural practices (such as hunting for Walruses using harpoons) and setting the film in an ancient period (conveyed to the audience through use of oil lamps when elect ricity is easily available). All this goes to show that these early ethnographies were â€Å"done less in the name of art than to salvage elements of the past by portraying them in the filmic equivalent of 'the ethnographic present'. As a result, Flaherty's alterations and temporal licenses met considerable disapproval in scholarly circles. He only inflamed passions further by stating, 'Sometimes you have to lie. One often has to distort a thing to catch its true spirit'." (Askew, 2006, p.29) There is also a directorial slant that seeks to iterate well-established stereotypes of the natives. This is not only applicable to Nanook and the Native American stock he comes from, but also to all indigenous people under European imperialist purview. For example, similar stereotyping of the natives is evident in British-authored ethnographies in Indian subcontinent, German experience in African colonies, Belgians in the Congo and the French occupation of Indo-China. What is also evident in early film ethnographies are the fixedness in perspective – these films were made by white men for other white men, with a patronizing attitude toward nativities/communities being explored. Further, the primitives were shown to display Western family ideals: â€Å"Like a museum display in which sculpted models of family groups perform "traditional activities," Nanook's family adopts a variety of poses for the camera. These scenes of the picturesque always represent a particular view of family or community, usually with the father as hunter and the mother as nurturer, paralleling Western views of the nuclear family. In the following trading post sequence, Nanook is shown to be ignorant of Western technology....This conceit of the indigenous person who does not understand Western technology allows for voyeuristic pleasure and reassures the viewer of the contrast between the Primitive and the

Everyday Playtime for Adults by Zamora Dulce Essay

Everyday Playtime for Adults by Zamora Dulce - Essay Example In the modern business world, people create activities for people to spend their time and resources on in their free time or after work. Dulce Zamora explores the concept of leisure and its meaning to adults. According to Zamora, there are some inherent benefits of adults including leisure time and activities in their lives. Similarly, there are some negative impacts of not including leisure time in adults’ lives. Additionally, some factors determine the choice of play or leisure activities that will satisfactorily suit people’s plans and produce the most benefits to an individual. Discussion This discussion will investigate the concept of leisure as discussed by Dulce Zamora, and outline some of the discussed benefits and limitations of including, or not including leisure time and activities in adults’ lives. Zamora recalls of childhood behavior, activities and the role they play in the refreshing human mind. For instance, he says, â€Å"Remember creating mud p ies as a child? Think of, how slimy the damp mud sensed between your fingers, and how you enjoyed designing the parties,† (Dillard 5). Alternatively, how about the moment you cycled your bicycle for hours about your environs, halting only when you felt exhausted. Although, the moments of extreme fun when one could move around without restrictions may appear far away, and imaginary with the present day’s never-ending list of activities to perform, it may be achievable to bring back most of the childhood fun and enjoyment and integrate it into today’s adult busy schedules. Before wondering out how to incorporate leisure time into the busy schedules, it may aid to realize what you are attempting to fix, (Charlotte 10). Experts suggest that, for anything to be attractive and pleasurable, freedom of choice and the view of control are crucial aspects. For instance, an individual who loves cooking of gourmet may not find enjoyment in making a meal that he feels attached into doing. Similarly, individuals who feel they should fix leisure time into their schedules may be hitting the goal. Dingwell argues that individuals tend to go to extremities and fill even their vacation time with multiple activities and tasks they believe they should take part in, for instance sports, parties and other social activities. Instead of concentrating on the crucial activities, they recommend for ways, to relax, and having sympathy for ourselves. Leisure time, according to Dingwell, is all about checking in and realizing that the questions below may aid determine whether an event is an appropriate thing to participate in now. Will the activity energize me? Will the activity put me in a place or state where I will feel better and relax? Will I just feel it as an obligation? The solution to most of these questions involves knowing oneself better, whether one is a social person, or a person who cherishes settings that are more intimate. In addition, it will entail reali zing whether one cherishes participating in softball, watching movies or opera, or working out crossword puzzles. The significant part is that one is participating in something that is intrinsically enjoyable to him, and not doing it because of other motives like guilt, reward or social class. For instance, a little kid who is shaping mud patties is doing it because she delights herself in the activity and for no other motives. Howard argues that the right level motivation is also crucial to enjoyment. For example, if an individual who loves to figure out crossword puzzles derives the hints extremely calmly, the person may get discouraged with it.

Accounting information systems Annotated Bibliography

Accounting information systems - Annotated Bibliography Example This journal provides accounting information concerning the ability a company to perform based on the kind of data, software used and the kind of people that use this data in order to make informed decisions. The researchers of this journal use empirical data from small business enterprises in order to determine how an organization performs based on information fed on an accounting information system. For example, the researchers highlight that managers and other users like analysts, auditors, investors and consultants rely on financial information, there is need to use high quality software in order to make informed decisions. Furthermore, software programs can be built to be able to uniquely satisfy a company’s needs based on various factors like company size, complexity or sensitivity of financial information. Generally, the journal highlights that accounting information system software enables users to access reliable information in an effective manner. Interested readers can use this journal to acquire knowledge on the performance measures of an information system.

How americans negotiate and how europeans negotiate Research Paper

How americans negotiate and how europeans negotiate - Research Paper Example Negotiations can be also considered from another point of view. There are many opinions concerning the issue how cultural differences influence the process of negotiations. Some scholars state that there are common rules for behavior during the negotiations, special frames, which dictate how people should act (Foster, 1992). Thus, according to such point of view there are should be no connections between the negotiations and cultural backgrounds as everybody should follow common rules no matter what country he/she may be from. At the same time other researchers insist on the important role of cultural differences, because in different countries there are different rules of behavior, which influence negotiations. In order to reveal how the cultural peculiarities affect the negotiations, it is essential to compare the peculiarities of conducting negotiations in two different countries and investigate the distinctive features of the both. The cross-cultural studies can help resolve the issue connected with the controversy. In such a way you will be able to see and analyze the nation’s strong and weak sides and predict negotiations’ perspectives of this or that side. The main mission of cross-cultural studies lies in the comparison of likenesses and differences of the countries or nations. This research is very useful and can bring beneficial results. By means of cross-cultural studies we can compare and understand different values, patterns, attitudes and methods of the negotiations, which belong to different cultures. In order to create the hypothesis that refers to the influences and interferences of negotiations, it is necessary to consider and compare different cross-cultural studies. It is proved that every culture has its own unique method of negotiating. Some use direct or simple method of communication, and others apply typical indirect and complex way. It is important to take into account that every nation is unique and every nation has its own outlook. The same things and concepts can be understood differently by the representatives of different countries and this aspect should be taken into account. â€Å"the methods of negotiation vary with culture. Some people may adopt a more direct or simple method of communication, whereas others may adopt a method that is more indirect or complex. Each culture has its own standards, and one behavior that has a certain meaning in a certain culture could be interpreted differently in another† (Chang 2006: 135). For example, people may address each other differently. To call person by the family name can be considered rude in such countries as France, Japan, Egypt while in the U.S. and Australia it is pretty acceptable form of communication. One should remember that if you are going have to negotiate with a person or a group of people from different states you have to learn about their culture and traditions beforehand not to spoil the impression at once. If the impression is spoiled because of cultural differences, the results of negotiations may not be positive and desirable. Every culture has its principles and beliefs and they play an important role in the process of negotiating. If cultural differences influence or even program the behavioral peculiarities, it is clear that there is a barrier in communication process of people with different cultural backgrounds. There are a number of factors that suffer from communicative difficulties such as attitude,

Collaboration with Illegal Domestic Spying Program Essay Example for Free

Collaboration with Illegal Domestic Spying Program Essay The case by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) against AT T presents a clear infringement upon personal privacy. The decision to allow the spy agency- National Security Agency (NSA) exclusive access to telephone conversations and email communications of its consumers violates the fourth amendment, which guarantees every American ‘the right to be let alone,† which includes privacy of private, sensitive information. Generally, privacy is â€Å"the expectation that confidential personal information disclosed in a private place will not be disclosed to third parties, when that disclosure would cause either embarrassment or emotional distress to a person of reasonable sensitivities† (Standler, 1997). It is without doubt, indeed, that no individual would like to hear their bedroom conversations heard in republic, or shrug it off if they knew somebody else at Langley was analyzing their private emails and messages sent over the phone. These surveillance programs are in contravention of the US constitution and privacy safeguards instituted by Congress. The fourth amendment prohibits unwarranted intrusion into individuals’ privacy, and the NSA surveillance was not warranted. As it were, they were conducted legal authorization or the approval of the court. Even if the government was ‘collecting criminal evidence,’ in the wake of terrorist attacks on US soil, the fact that the consumers were not aware of the surveillance makes it a violation of privacy rights. Indeed, it is reported that the then President George Bush acknowledged authorizing the surveillance as a strategy to track and monitor terrorists who might be operating inside the US. However, some of his senior administrators are on record of confessing that â€Å"the President’s authorization went beyond the surveillance of terrorists and conceded that the program did not comply with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act† (Sandler, 1997). In any case, it is provided by the Fifth Amendment that â€Å"no person, however guilty, shall be compelled to stand as witness of himself in any criminal case. † In a ruling of the first privacy case in America in 1928, Olmstead vs. the United States, Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis argued that it was unconstitutional to collect evidence from individuals without their knowledge and consent. In the case, Omlstead was implicated for illegally distributing alcoholic beverages, on evidence wire-tapped from his telephone conversations. The NSA surveillance program might be justified under circumstances which compromise national security. After the 9/11 attacks by terrorists believed to have connections to Al Qaeda, it becomes a matter of national concern to monitor electronic communications both domestically and internationally. This is more so the case since terrorist groups have taken advantage of technological revolutions in communication to network, coordinate, plan and execute their attacks. Thus, as far as ensuring the safety of Americans is concerned, the NSA has a right, regardless the constitutionality of such a right or the authority sanctioning it, to go the extra mile necessary to provide that security. Nonetheless, the protocol for collecting evidential information to press criminal charges against culprits is clearly stated by the law. Acting outside the bounds of legal provisions infringes personal privacy, which is clearly the case of the AT T and NSA collaboration. This is a government conspiracy to deny Americans their freedom to express themselves freely, which experts have termed as not mere wire-tapping, but a country-tapping project on ordinary Americans by NSA. In conclusion, the bottom line is the unwarranted manner in which the surveillance was conducted, without the consumers’ knowledge. It rests with the provisions of the US constitution. It is every American’s right â€Å"to be let alone. And to guard against the violation of that right, â€Å"every unjustifiable intrusion by the government upon the privacy of the individual, whatever the means employed, must be deemed a breach of the Fourth Amendment† (Avakov, 164). Works Cited Avakov, Aleksandr V. Platos dreams realized: surveillance and citizen rights from KGB to FBI. Algora Publishing, New York, 2007. Brandis Louis. U. S. Supreme Court: Olmstead vs US, 277 U. S 438 (1928). June 4 1928. Retrieved August 11, 2010 http://faculty. uml. edu/sgallagher/olmstead. htm Standler, Ronald B. Privacy Law in the USA. May 26 1998. Retrieved August 11, 2010 http://www. rbs2. com/privacy. htm

Paracetamol Synthesis Experiment

Paracetamol Synthesis Experiment N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide, otherwise known as Paracetamol or acetaminophen depending on where you live in the world, is one of the most widely used over the counter drugs. It has the molecular formula C8H9NO2. It is an analgesic (pain reliever) and also an antipyretic (fever reliever). For these reasons it is used to relieve a person of mild to moderate pain, for example; toothache, headaches or symptoms of a cold and to control fever (high temperature, also known as pyrexia). For pain relief it works by interfering with certain chemicals in the body called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins were first discovered in the 1930’s from human semen, thinking the chemicals had come from the prostate gland he named them prostaglandins, but it’s since been established they are synthesised in every cell in the body. They act as chemical messengers like hormones but do not move to other sites, they stay in the cell that they were synthesised in. Prostaglandins have a variety of p hysiological effects, one being that they are released in response to pain or injury, paracetamol works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins making the body less aware of the pain or injury. Paracetamol reduces temperature by acting on an area of the brain called the hypothalamus, responsible for regulating body temperature. The history of paracetamol is an interesting one, at the approach of the 20th century, the discovery and synthesis of medicines was rather arbitrary, with scientists generally just testing new compounds on humans straight away and then observing if it had positive (or negative) effects. The story of paracetamol starts with the first aniline (also known as phenylamine or aminobenzene) derivative to be found to possess analgesic and antipyretic properties, acetanilide. Aniline is an organic compound with the molecular formula Aniline (1) C6H5NH2, shown above, consists of a phenyl group attached to an amino group. The new potential medicine acetanilide had been synthesised simply by the aniline gaining a secondary amide group, by reacting the aniline with ethanoic anhydride, ethanoic acid would also be produced. The reaction is shown below. C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O → C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH Acetanilide (2) The discovery was soon published and acetanilide medication was soon in production in 1886, remaining in use for several years due to how cheap it was to produce. But although acetanilide was shown to act as being effective in reducing fever and relieving mild pain, a search for less toxic aniline derivatives started because of some of the awful side effects acetanilide had, for instance cyanosis (appearance of blue or purple coloration of the skin due to tissues near the skin being low in oxygen) caused by it deactivating haemoglobin in erythrocytes. The search led to a new derivative that was antipyretic and analgesic and was less toxic than acetanilide called N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ethanamide. Marketed in 1887 under the name phenacetin, it has remained in use ever since but has declined in its use due to its adverse affects on the liver. It has the chemical formula C10 H13NO2. N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ethanamide (3) In 1893 Joseph von Mering improved on phenacetin producing paracetamol, but mistakenly thought it had the same adverse effects as acetanilide. In the 1940’s it was realised that paracetamol was a major metabolite of phenacetin, it was then considered to quite possibly be the component that caused phenacetin to have the desired effects and that the negative effects were caused by a minor metabolite released. Then in 1953 paracetamol hit the markets, being promoted as superior to aspirin in that it was safe for children and with people with ulcers. Structural equation showing Phenacitin being turned into its metabolites in the body, as you can see from the diagram, the main metabolite is paracetamol. (4) Paracetamol is made by many different pharmaceutical manufacturers, each giving their products different brand names. In the UK currently there are more than ninety over the counter products containing paracetamol. Different brands may contain different amounts of paracetamol per dose, it will be stated on the packaging, usually in milligrams. Sometimes it may be combined with other medicines such as decongestants (a type of medicine that provides short term relief for a blocked nose). While it is a very effective medicine, even small overdoses can be fatal, because it is metabolised into non-toxic and toxic products in the liver. The recommended single dose for adults is 1000mg and up to 4000mg in a day. Paracetamol is hepatoxic, meaning that even in the therapeutic dosages stated previously, it can still harm hepatocytes (liver cells) and in combination with other drugs like alcohol the harmful effects are multiplied. Prolonged daily usage can result in upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleeding. Untreated paracetamol overdoses (which would usually involve taking over the therapeutic dosages for several days) results in a lengthy and painful illness. People who overdose often wrongly assume it will render them unconscious, however this doesn’t happen, rather the process of dying takes around three to five days due to acute liver failure. Aims: To synthesise paracetamol in one step, starting from 4-aminophenol i.e. amide synthesis To try synthesise paracetamol in a microwave using a similar method to how aspirin is synthesised To recrystallise about half of my samples of paracetamol, leaving the other half crude To calculate the percentage yields of paracetamol, in both methods and compare them To perform analysis of my synthesised samples of paracetamol, both recrystallised and crude using analytical techniques such as Melting point test Thin layer chromatography Back Titration (which will give a quantitative analysis, concentrations) Infra-red spectroscopy 6) To then use the results of these analytical techniques to determine which method of synthesis produces The most pure paracetamol sample, The greatest percentage yield by comparing the percentage yields and purities of both the crude and recrystallised samples of both methods. To extract paracetamol from commercial tablets and compare the purity to my synthesised samples To then use the aims 6 and 7 to finally determine which method of synthesis of an amide, paracetamol, is most efficient. Chemical theory: Amines: (5) Amines are the organic chemistry relatives of Ammonia, they are derive by replacing one, two or all three of the hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups and this determines which type of amine it is. Replacing one of the hydrogen atoms gives a primary amine, replacing two a secondary amine and all three a tertiary amine. Below shows a primary amine being made from a halogenoalkane with bromine as the halogen, the alkyl group would vary depending on the specific primary amine desired. It is a substitution reaction, with the hydrogen on the ammonia being substituted for the alkyl group on the halogenoalkane. NH3 + RBr →RNH2 + HBr A primary amine (6) A secondary amine (7) Amines with low relative molecular masses are gases or volatile liquids, similarly to ammonia they also have strong smells, amines have a â€Å"fishy† smell. The properties of amines are quite similar to ammonia due to the fact both have the lone pair of electrons that open up a range of opportunities. Their properties are only slightly modified by their alkyl groups such as the state at room temperature. 4-Aminophenol, the building block of paracetamol (reacting 4-aminophenol with ethanoic anhydride gives paracetamol) is a primary amine. 4-Aminophenol (8) 4-Aminophenol is made by reacting phenol with sulphuric acid and sodium nitrate which gives two products, 1- nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol. The 2-nitrophenol is then reacted with sodium borohyride, which produces 4-aminophenol. Step one in synthesis of 4-aminophenol (4) Step two in synthesis of 4-aminophenol (4) Very soluble in water Similarly to Ammonia, amines can form hydrogen bonds with water due to the highly electronegative nitrogen being bonded to the hydrogen atom; these are attracted to water molecules and vice versa. Amines with small alkyl groups are soluble but those with larger alkyl groups are insoluble because the alkyl groups disrupt the hydrogen bonding in the water. This is significant because 4-aminophenol being a building block of paracetamol it is a common impurity, therefore with the recrystallisation, it should in theory be removed very effectively as it should be very soluble and not reach its limit of solubility. This will be discussed later on. Act as a base Again similarly to ammonia, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen can form a dative covalent bond with hydrogen atoms, meaning it acts as a base. In water the presence of hydroxide ions causes it to turn alkaline. If the ammonia/amine is placed with acid, then the acid will donate more protons than water, so the reaction will go on until completion, and therefore many ammonium ions/amine ions are formed and therefore the fishy smell is lost. This can impact on the effectiveness of a chromatogram in thin layer chromatography. Acting as a nucleophile: Ammonia as well as amines can act as nucleophiles, which is why they can form an amide when reacted with an acylating agent like ethanoic anhydride. When ammonia acts as a nucleophile it can react with a halogenoalkane or acylating agent to form an primary amide, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom attack the positively polarised carbon atom and via a substitution reaction will replace the halogen (e.g. chlorine) or functional group of the acylating agent (e.g. HCL from ethanoyl chloride). This occurs by the electrons in the bond being donated to the halogen or specific functional group of the acylating agent. This breaks off with both electrons and therefore leaves the carbon with a high positive charge, allowing the negative nitrogen to form a dative covalent bond with the carbon. Amines also have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom and so can also attack electrophiles, such as the delta positive carbon atom on the acylating agent. Similarly to the ammonia rea ction, a nucleophillic substitution reaction occurs with the electron movements described above and the appropriate functional group is removed and replaced by the R-N-H forming the secondary amide, with the second hydrogen atom being removed from the primary amine along with the functional group. (9) Reaction of an primary amine with ethanoyl chloride an acylating agent, as can be seen the chlorine atom from the ethanoyl chloride is removed as well the hydrogen from the primary amine, producing HCL. This would’ve occurred as result of the nitrogen lone pair attacking the central carbon. The resulting secondary amide is produced when the R-N-H bonds to the carbon. Synthesis and hydrolysis of an Amide: (10) All amides contain the functional group CONH All amides contain this functional group (11) An amide can either be primary or secondary, primary amides have the general formula R-CONH2, the Nitrogen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and then a carbon atom, which is double bonded to an oxygen, the fourth bond of the carbon is to the R group which can either be an alkyl group (methyl, ethyl etc.) or a benzene. These can be made by reacting Ammonia with an acylating agent such as an acyl chloride like Ethanoyl chloride. These are carboxylic acid derivatives that are reactive enough to form an amide. Hydrogen from the ammonia breaks off as well as the chlorine of the acyl chloride, forming HCL (g). The first carbon (with the double bond oxygen) then bonds with the Nitrogen this forms the functional group. The general formula for a primary amide Secondary amides differ in that the Nitrogen is only bonded to one hydrogen and the third bond goes to another R group, giving secondary amides the general formula R-CONH-R’. The R groups may be the same, or may differ. Paracetamol (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide) as stated earlier has the molecular formula C6H9NO2, by looking at its structural formula shown below, it can be seen that it comprises of three main parts, starting from the left, in the box is the phenol group, one of the R groups of the amide, this explains the â€Å"hydroxyphenyl† part of paracetamols systematic name as it was originally part of the 4-aminophenol amine. Next in the oval, is the actual amide functional group, finally on the far right in the triangle is the other R group (R’) which in paracetamol is simply a methyl group. From all this we can determine that paracetamol is a secondary amide. (4) Secondary amides are made by reacting a primary amine with an acylating agent like Ethanoic anhydride, in my investigation, I will use ethanoic anhydride as my acylating agent. This occurs by the reaction mechanism of nucleophillic substitution, which is shown below in a curly arrow diagram, with ammonia being used as the nucleophile, attacking the carbon atom. Steps in Nucleophillic substitution: (12) The first thing to note is that, as explained earlier, ammonia (which is acting as the nucleophile in the example above) as well as amines can act as nucleophiles, due to the fact they have the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, they have a partial negative charge which is attracted to an electrophile (has a partial positive charge), in this case the polarised carbon atom (as it is bonded to the highly electronegative oxygen atom) on the ethanoic anhydride. The first thing that happens is that the Nitrogen begins its â€Å"attack† on the partially positive, also known as delta positive, carbon. Because of the lone pair, it forms a dative covalent bond with the carbon Because it is dative, the carbon atom has gained an electron therefore at has been reduced, so it then donates an electron within the double bond with oxygen to the oxygen atom, this makes the already partially negatively charged oxygen to become negatively charged. There is now only a single bond between the carbon and oxygen. The carbon atom then donates an electron to the oxygen below it that it is also singly bonded to, releasing an ethanoate ion (CH3COO), this has given the carbon atom that donated the electron a positive charge as it has now had a net loss of one electron from its original electron configuration. This is now a carbocation. The reaction then goes back to the negatively charged oxygen that the central carbon donated its electron to earlier, what occurs now is that the oxygen donates the electron back, now that the central carbon is positively charged, this reforms the double bond between the now partially negative oxygen and partially positive carbon. The nitrogen that has bonded to the carbon then loses the third hydrogen atom as nitrogen can only form three bonds in a neutral organic compound, this happens by the hydrogen donating its electron to the nitrogen. The hydrogen then bonds to the ethanoate ion, forming ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and ethanamide, ethan- the prefix coming from the two carbon atoms present and the suffix –amide due to the CONH functional group. The ethanoic acid produced then will react with any excess ammonia to form ammonium ethanoate, this is because ammonia and amines can act as bases due to the reasons stated earlier, the hydrogen on the ethanoic acid breaks off and bonds to the nitrogen atom. The â€Å"curly arrow† diagram of this reaction is shown below, the stage number relates to the mechanism diagram shown above it and described above, step 1 is omitted because it is an introduction, the first step of the reaction mechanism, is step 2 i.e. shown below step 2 is the attacking of the nitrogen nucleophile to the

Management and Leadership of Different Cultures

Management and Leadership of Different Cultures Introduction A well recognized definition of leadership by Warren Bennis is Leadership is the function of knowing yourself , having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential. Globalization is defined as the absence of borders and barriers to trade, the crystallization of the world as a single place, or the overlapping of the interests of business and society. Globalization is a process whereby world-wide interconnections in virtually very sphere of activity are growing. This rise of these interconnections is the result of shifts that have taken place in technological, political, and economic spheres. The process of globalization means flow of people, flow of technology, flow of capital, growing economic interconnectedness. This process impacts upon regional tourism and hospitality market in many ways. The tourism and hospitality industry brings together hosts and guests from different cultures with different characteristics, expectation and values. To improve competitive position in the global market, the industry needs to satisfy the expectations and needs of their guest. Therefore, it remains an important issue as to how well prepared the tourism and hospitality industry is to handle this flow of peoples and fusion of cultures. Globalisation has also impacted on the composition of the domestic tourism market as this now include multi-ethnic as well as multicultural migrant groups. Yet another impact of globalisation has been the multicultural workforce in the industry itself. Globalisation changed todays hospitality industry. Due to globalisation the managers of the hospitality industry are capable to learn about various cultures as they get to mix with people from various aspect of life and therefore, develop knowledge of them. Due to globalisation the guest base has growth strongly. Tourists travel not for holidays, business, health and different other intentions too. Therefore, this has developed the market for the hospitality industry, which acquired its great income from international tourists. Tourists always spend money when they come in because of that foreign exchange increases. Therefore it is of major value to the economy as globalisation helps to bring in money into the country. Moreover, due to globalisation the industry requires to operate advance technology. Since one wants to fascinate as many visitors as possible, hospitality organisation frequently need to advance and improve their services. For example: Singapore flyer, using faster and advance technology in hotels, so that the guest is gratified. Companies are frequently thinking of advance and innovative ideas to fascinate more visitors. Due to globalisation, more tourists come into our country and more people are required to serve and cater to their needs. So, with the advent of globalisation, there are plenty of more jobs available for people within the hospitality industry. Due to globalisation, more people move around, to facilitate this, the travel industry requires to develop as well. People who come into our country by air, or ship, or land use the transport services provided as well. Due to globalisation, there are different types of international services/cuisines. Since there are plenty o f different tourists with various cultures, custom, cuisines and languages, the hospitality industry includes recipes and various other services to cater to them. These services are available to the locals too, which makes even better. Nevertheless, globalisation has negative impacts on the hospitality industry and also, there are some challenges and difficulties for todays leader in hospitality firms. Due to globalisation, the hospitality industry can hire people from various countries as it is usually cheaper they may sometimes have difficulties in communicating with the guests. Many guests get quite irate as a consequence of this. As there are from various cultures, one needs to be attentive not hurt them. As example, a Hindu will not eat beef so that serving person should be aware of food which contains beef . (unless specifically asked). What is acceptable by one culture may be frowned upon by another. For the communication, technology has been increased because of international barriers, (through the internet, voice recordings.) This has not keept the human touch. A leader from the hospitality industry has a multicultural challenge, managing a diverse workforce and trying to keep up with rapidly shifting trends. Cultural intelligence provides a better approach to this leadership challenge. Cultural intelligence (CQ) is the capability to function effectively across national, ethnic and organizational cultures. Leader has to have knowledge of different cultures. CQ is needed to understand diverse guests, manage diverse teams, recruit and develop cross cultural talent, demonstrate respect and adapt leadership style; without these knowledge hotel can faces many problem. If a manager does not understand different culture, how will he understand different guest from different culture, how will he manage his employees from different culture. It can be affect financially on the hotel. Hotels can have financial losses caused by managers not understanding different cultures. Looking at these challenges and difficulties, it shows that, cross cultural management plays an important role to compete in a global marketplace. The mistakes mention above may results into some consequences. As example- where a strong and forceful personality overcomes the lack of formal delegation or where an inadequate leader is supported by his subordinate who effectively acts as the leader. Failure to delegate successfully to a more knowledgeable subordinate may mean that the subordinate emerges as an informal leader and this could have possible adverse consequences for the manager and organization. Serious mistakes can be made while dealing with people from different cultures. For example- eye contact in western countries is normally associated with confidence, politeness and attentiveness but in some African countries can be seen as rude and disrespectful. Bulgarians nod when they mean no and shake their heads when they mean yes while the Greek nod upwards or raise their eyeb rows for no and shake the head side to side or tilt it to say yes. A lack of cultural literacy can lead to incorrect assumptions, poor relationships and a failure to make useful business connections. So to avoid these mistakes a proper training should be given to the staff by his manager because in any company you will find many people from different culture and different cities so as every person have their own different culture, everyone have their own body language and facial expressions which can results into some mistakes so to combine all these people from different culture together to work as a team a proper training should be given by the manager. STARBUCKS COFFEE COMPANY Starbucks is a well-known coffee company, started in 1971 in Seattles pike place market, Washington. It was opened by Jerry Bolvin, Zev Siegi and Gordon Bowker, they started selling coffee, tea and spices. Now it has largely developed in such a way that it is functioning in 40 countries along with 16000 coffee outlets. Howard Schultz joins Starbucks in 1982. Once he went Italy, he visits Milans popular espresso bars and he was impressed with their popularity and culture and he sees their potency in Seattle. So after having lattes and mochas Seattle immediately becomes crazy for coffee. The thirst for good coffee allows Starbucks to develop their business out of Seattle too, first in the United States, and then further all countries. After becoming the first company to provide stock options to its part-time staff members, Starbucks become in public traded company. Starbucks opened their first shop in 1997, in UK. Starbucks form various products like hot made to order beverages, readym ade brewed coffee packets, tazo tea, bottled beverages, frappucino beverages, smoothies and baked goods like sandwiches, pastries cookies. There are so many organizations which still follow their mission, vision, value or culture like Starbucks use. Starbucks mission line says; to build Starbucks as the premier supplier of the best coffee in the world while managing their uncompromising precept as they develop and in other angle to pep up and nourish the human spirit-one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time. Starbucks vision is to make sky-high gratified guests by giving good service expenses that creates changes in guests day-to-day life. If the guest is unhappy, second time he might come with two more extra guests so that how it works for Starbucks. The anchor value in the feat of Starbucks is to make a company with a soul was that the organization would never give up searching the perfect cup of coffee. Hospitality management functions must be aware of the changing curves as the industry is confronting an ever increasing number of foreign employees are being used to fill these gaps which shows in increasing the diversity in the work place. The company working towards globalization of plenty food and beverage functions must also be cognizant of the diversity of various countries in which they operate. Diversity management must become aspect of organization policy in order to be effectual and it must be embedded within the culture of the organization from superior management through front line employees. Good diversity management can have many positive effects on performance of business such as good understanding of guest needs, higher staff keeping rate and increased sales. Ineffective diversity management can get added problems to the work place such as demoralization of staff, hostility and high employee turnover. To adopt diversity as an essential element in the way Starbucks work s. Starbucks conceive that to work successfully in the global market place diversity needs to be adopted within every facet of the business which includes, The workplace Training Suppliers Communities in which they operate The workplace- Starbucks loyalty to diversity starts with fascinating and holding a diverse work team. They try to mirror the guest and communities they serve which creates an environment where all the guest and partners feel prosperous and welcome. To attract a diverse representation of certified candidates, Starbucks connect with many local and national community based companies. As instance in U.S. they make connections with the National Black MBA and the Hispanic MBA and the women in food service firm. Starbucks supervise the demographics of their workforce on quarterly basis to identify whether they reflect the communities in which they work. They also focus on representation within particular positions and judge whether there are tract to higher-level positions. Based on available data, Starbucks US workforce is contained of 53% women and 14% people of colour and in Starbucks executive team vice presidents and above 42% are women and 8% people are of colour. Training diversity object is made through Starbucks general training and development module also management training courses. Diversity courses are also provided at Starbucks to address partners related to business requirements which include diversity learning journey and bias free interviewing workshops which train managers and recruiters for the hiring procedure. Starbucks take the hiring and recruiting process very gravely. They are very deliberate while employing people as it costs 2,300-3,000 pounds to recruit and prepare each staff member. By the period of two weeks of commencing employment all the staff member members will have undergone training and learning about the diversity amongst the employees and also amongst the guest base. Suppliers- Starbucks have developed a provider diversity first step which assures that each selected provider shares the companys core values to meet main requirements which include quality, service, value, stability and sound business practices. A diverse provider must meet certain criteria. As instance the company must be 62% owned, operated and managed by women, minorities or socially disadvantaged individuals. Diversity in communities in which Starbucks operate- Starbucks built a combine venture with Johnson Development Corporation which is owned by Earvin Johnson. They produced urban coffee opportunities, LLC bringing Starbucks shops to diverse communities. By 2003, there were 62 UCO places in the United States. Starbucks UCO shops provide communities an inviting and prosperous place for neighbours to gather. While guests are ensured a coherent Starbucks experience at all the shops they may find the music is tailored to local tastes, elusive differences in the food offerings and wall paintings that is unique to the shops. A UCO shop can be an accelerator for producing jobs and encouraging business development in the communities where the shops are situated. By the end of 2004 the locations employed 961 Starbucks partners. The Starbucks foundation and community and giving programmers provide support to non-profit organization that serves diverse communities. They are also partner with diff erent community organizations to provide employment opportunities to their elements. Cultural encounter happens when people from various cultures come into contact. Sometimes the encounter begins before anyone has a chance to properly introduce you before you even open your mouth. Cultural encounter can lead to world class fatigue or even depression. Many of the adjustments to life in the cultural fast lane must be made early on preventing a successful overseas experience. If we ask who suffers from cultural encounter the answer must be one who spends much time with people from another culture. People eat different foods, celebrate different holidays and dress differently in countries all around the world but these differences affect the ways in which people work together because people organize, manage and work differently from culture to culture. The behaviour of people in organizations varies across cultures in many ways. Researchers have observed systematic and culturally based differences in managers values, attitudes and behaviour. Each of us has a set of attit udes and beliefs through which we see management situations the managers value, attitudes and beliefs can affect cycles of behaviour. Some managers do not trust their subordinates and believe that employees will not do a good job unless closely supervised. These managers establish tight control systems such as time clocks and frequent employee observation to reassure them that employees are working. The employees can be started realizing that management does not trust them so they might start behaving irresponsibly. They arrive on time only when the time clock is in working condition and only work when the manager is around. So it is easy to see how misunderstanding and mistrust can grow between managers from one culture to employees from different culture. In hospitality business you can find many examples of cultural clash as you deal with guests all over the world and you work with different people from different countries with different culture as well. So I just want give to gi ve an example as per my experience in hospitality. Example- I used to work for a hospitality company, park Starbucks Goa resort and spa in India. Once I was in the bar in the afternoon and a Russian guest came to me. Russians hardly speak English. So he came to me and as he didnt know English he was indicating his finger outside towards tree and said kakushka, kakushka he was speaking in Russian and was trying to make me understand his language but as I didnt know Russian language I couldnt make out what he wants exactly so it took a long time to know me what he wants exactly but finally after 10 minutes I finally came to know that he was asking for coconut water and he was indicating his finger towards coconut trees. Then I gave him coconut water and he was very happy. So here we can see a culture clash between an Indian and Russian culture because the Russian hardly speak English so they couldnt communicate properly. So as a suggestion to this problem I would like to suggest that there must be a co-coordinator person in the hospitality company so that if this kind of communication problems due to different culture occurs he or she can handle it. Few managers are more effectual at leading diverse groups than other managers. The traits and behaviour should equip a person to lead diverse groups. Additionally, cultural sensitivity, cultural intelligence and certain specific global leadership skills are essential for inspiring people from cultures other than the ones own. Although they reinforce each other we can describe cultural sensitivity and cultural intelligence separately. Global leadership encompasses so many behaviours that they receive of their own section. Leaders as well as others who are attempting to influence a person from a foreign country must be alert to possible cultural differences. Thus the leader must be willing to acquire knowledge about local customs and learn to speak the native language at least passably. A cross- cultural leader must be patient, adaptable, flexible and willing to listen and learn. All of these characteristics are part of cultural sensitivity an awareness of and a willingness to investig ate the reasons why people belong to other culture act as they do. A person with cultural sensitivity will recognize the certain differences in customs that will help to build better relationships with people in his or her adopted cultures. Another aspect of cultural sensitivity is being tolerant of the subtle differences between cultures. Following is the leadership self assessment quiz which gives an opportunity to reflect our own tolerance for cross-cultural issues. LEADERSHIP SELF ASSESSMENT QUIZ Tolerance for cultural differences Instructions- indicate how comfortable you would feel in the following circumstances: VU- very uncomfortable U- Uncomfortable N- Neutral C- Comfortable VC- very comfortable VU U N C VC Working on a team with both men and women 1 2 3 4 5 Coaching a team or club when all the members are 1 2 3 4 5 Sex than yours Having a transsexual person as a boss. 1 2 3 4 5 Having a person of a different race as a boss. 1 2 3 4 5 Having an opposite sex person as a boss. 1 2 3 4 5 answers if a if you are heterosexual or b if you are homosexual Having a gay or lesbian boss Having a straight boss Having dinner with someone who eats what you consider to be a pet.1 2 3 4 5 Having dinner with someone who eats what you consider to be a repulsive animal or insect.1 2 3 4 5 Working alongside a teammate who you know is HIV positive. 1 2 3 4 5 Working alongside a teammate who has served prison time for 1 2 3 4 5 Vehicular homicide. Total score: Scoring and interpretation: 40-50: you are highly tolerant and flexible in terms of working with a broad spectrum of people. These attitudes can help you to be an effective multicultural leader. 21-39: your tolerance for working with people different from yourself is within the average range. It you learn to become a more tolerant of differences, you are more likely to become an effective multicultural leader. 10-20: you may be experiencing difficulties in working with people quite different from yourself. As a consequence your effectiveness as a multicultural leader might be hampered. If you seek out more diverse cross-cultural experiences you are likely to become more tolerant of differences. Cultural sensitivity helps a person to become a multicultural worker that why cultural sensitivity is very important. Such an individual is convinced that all cultures are equally good and enjoys learning about other cultures. Multicultural workers and leaders are the people who usually have been exposed to more than one culture in childhood. Being multicultural helps one to be accepted by a person from another culture. It has been said that a multilingual salesperson can explain the advantages of a product in other languages but it takes a multicultural person to motivate foreigners to buy. Cultural intelligence is a four dimensional framework rooted in many years of research on intelligence and cross cultural interaction. After going through the above practices implemented in order to improve leaders cross culture intelligence I suggest the effective approaches in improving CQ are as follows. CQ drive CQ knowledge CQ strategy CQ action All these four dimensions are usually refer to develop CQ. CQ drive- the motivational dimension of CQ is the leaders level of interest, drive and energy to adapt cross culturally. You should have the confidence and drive to work through the challenges and conflicts that inevitably accompany cross cultural work. The ability to be personally engaged and preserve through cross cultural challenges is one of the most novel and important aspects of cultural intelligence. We cannot simply assume people who are interested and motivated to adjust to cultural differences. Employees often approach diversity training apathetically and do it just because it is required. Personnel headed to international assignments are often more concerned about moving and adjusting their families overseas than they are about developing cultural understanding. Without ample motivation, there is little point in spending time and money on cross cultural training. CQ drive includes three sub dimensions: Intrinsic motivation- the degree to which you derive enjoyment from culturally diverse situations Extrinsic motivation- the tangible benefits you gain from culturally diverse experiences and Self efficacy- the confidence that you will be effective in a cross cultural encounter. All three of these motivational dynamics play an important role in hoe leaders approach cross cultural situations. CQ knowledge- the cognitive dimension of the CQ research refers to the leaders knowledge about culture and its role in following how business is done. You should understand the way culture shapes thinking and behaviour. It also includes your overall understanding of how cultures vary from one another. CQ knowledge includes two sub dimensions i.e. cultural systems and cultural norms and values. Cultural systems are the way societies organize themselves to meet the basic needs of their members. For example, every nation has cultural systems for how its members distribute products and services or for how they raise their children. Understanding how a family system works might seem unnecessary but it become critically relevant when you are trying to develop human resource policies for employees who are expected to care for the senior members of their extended family. The other sub dimension of CQ knowledge i.e. cultural norms and values refers to the varying ways cultures approach issues such as time, authority and relationships. The value a culture places on time and relationship becomes highly closely connected when an American is trying to get a signed contract from a potential affiliate in china or Saudi Arabia where different norms shape leaders expectations. CQ knowledge is the dimension most often emphasized in many approaches to intercultural competency. For example, a large and growing training and consulting industry focuses on teaching leaders this kind of cultural knowledge. Although valuable however the knowledge coming from CQ knowledge has to be combined with the other three dimensions of CQ or its relevance to the real demands of leadership is questionable and potentially harmful. CQ strategy- is the metacognitive dimension of the CQ. It is the leaders ability to strategize when crossing cultures. Can we slow down the RPMs long enough to carefully observe what is going on inside the mind of others and ourselves? It is the ability to draw upon our cultural understanding to solve culturally complex problems. CQ strategy helps a leader to use cultural knowledge to plan an appropriate strategy accurately interpret what is going on and check to see if expectations are accurate or need revision. The three sub dimensions of CQ strategy are awareness, planning and checking. Awareness means being informed of what is going on in ourselves and others. Planning is taking time to prepare for a cross cultural encounter in anticipating how to approach the people, topic and situation. Checking is monitoring our interaction to see if our plans and expectations were appropriate. It is also comparing what we expected with our actual experience. CQ strategy emphasizes strategy an d is the keystone between understanding cultural issues and actually being able to use our understanding to be more effective. CQ action- the behavioural dimension of CQ is the leaders ability to act appropriately in the range of cross cultural situations. We can effectively accomplish our performance goals in different cultural situations. One of the most important aspects of CQ action is knowing when to adapt to another culture and when not to do so. A person with high CQ learns which actions will and will not enhance effectiveness and acts on that understanding. Thus CQ action involves flexible actions tailored to specific cultural contexts. The sub dimensions of CQ action are verbal actions, nonverbal actions and speech acts. The exact words and phrases we use when we communicate specific types of messages. These are the three kinds of behaviours where there is the greatest need to adapt to cultural norms. Although the demands of today are intercultural settings make it impossible to master all the dos and donts of various cultures. There are certain behaviours that should be modified when we interact wi th different cultures. For example, westerners need to learn the importance of carefully studying business cards presented by those from most Asian contexts. Also some basic verbal and nonverbal behaviour enhance the extent to which we are seen as being effective by others. As an example, the verbal tone(e.g. loud versus soft) in which words are spoken can convey different meaning across cultures. Almost every approach to cross cultural work has insisted on the importance of flexibility. With CQ action we now have a way of exploring how to enhance our flexibility. Research, examples and best practices will be offered to move toward gaining the capabilities represented by these four dimensions. The CQS (cultural intelligence scale) measures competency in each of the four dimensions. Through a series of questions you receive four scores one for each dimension of cultural intelligence. By averaging these four scores together, you can estimate your overall CQ. Two different CQ assessments are available both of which have relevance for improving leadership effectiveness. One is a self report assessment and the other is a peer report assessment. The self assessment provides a profile of how you view yourself in the four dimensions of cultural intelligence. The peer assessment asks you to identify three to five peers who can answer a few questions on your behalf. In return you receive a composite of how your peers view you in the four dimensions of cultural intelligence the two kinds of assessment are most valuable when used together so you can compa re your self assessment with how others perceive your cultural intelligence. There is variety of ways to apply the four dimensions of cultural intelligence to leadership. They can be used as four areas to assess individuals you are considering for a cross cultural assignment. They can also serve as four categories for diversity training or for a leaders personal development plan and the four dimensions can be used as a four step cycle for developing cultural intelligence in the case by case situations. This four step cycle is the primary application used. CQ is more strongly related to an individuals overall performance cross culturally than things like academic achievement or an exceptional IQ. In particular CQ drive, CQ strategy and CQ action are found to have a positive relationship on an individuals success in accomplishing a task. CONCLUSION In the above research it shows that the management is confronting number of challenges problems as an increasing number of foreign employees are being used which results in the diversity in the work place. So the Company must be cognizant of the diversity of various countries in which they work. In order to keep up this diversity management must become a part of organization policy because an effectual diversity management can have many positive consequences on performance of business. So in order to defeat this Starbucks consider that to work successfully in the global market place diversity requires to be adopted within every angle of the business which includes the work place, training , suppliers and the communities in which they operate. Starbucks loyalty to diversity starts with fascinating and holding a diverse work team. They try to mirror the guest and communities they serve which make an environment where all the guests and partners feel prosperous and welcome. Diversity c ontent is constructs through Starbucks general training development modules also management training courses. Starbucks have developed a provider diversity first step which assures that each selected provider shares the companys anchor values to meet main requirements which include quality, service, value, stability and sound business practices. Starbucks has also built a combined venture with Johnson Development Corporation and they have produced urban coffee opportunities, LLC bringing Starbucks shops to diverse communities. Although Starbucks try to control diversity problem at workplace, cultural encounter still happens when people from various cultures come into contact. A person who spends much time with people from different culture suffers the most. The behaviour of people in company varies across cultures in many ways. Some managers are good at leading diverse groups than other. The traits and behaviour should fit a person to lead diverse groups. Cultural sensitivity, cultu ral intelligence and certain specific global leadership skills are essential for motivating people from various cultures. The leadership self assessment quiz can be very helpful in avoiding cross cultural issues in an organization. Cultural sensitivity is also important as it helps a person to become a multicultural worker and cultural intelligence is a four dimensional framework rooted on intelligence and cross cultural interaction. So in order to improve leaders cross culture intelligence, the effective approaches in improving CQ should be CQ drive, CQ knowledge, CQ strategy and CQ action. From the above research it is been clear that CQ drive, CQ knowledge, CQ strategy and CQ action are found to have a positive relationship on an individuals success in accomplishing a task. The CQ is a set of individual capabilities that allows leaders to learn from their experiences. Thus CQ facilitates the transformation of experience into experimental training. A mere exposure to cultural diversity and international assignments does not necessarily enhance learning. Instead leaders must balance the creative tension of all four stages in the experimental process which are concrete experiences, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. I would like to recommend that organizations should shift their focus from providing experience to ensuring that effective experimental learning occurs for leaders. Part of this shift requires the recognition that individuals have different capabilities to learn from their experiences. Those who are culturally intelligent indi

Maintaining a True Friendship Essay -- Friendship Essay

Maintaining a True Friendship Making friends for a lot of us comes naturally, but maintaining these friendships may become somewhat difficult. This is because true friendship cannot survive without these three aspects: Love, Respect and Honesty. If any of these aspects are lacking in the friendship, it will slowly disintegrate. True friendship needs equal shares of love, respect and honesty. Therefore, to maintain true friendship, you need the whole package, just not apart of it. Love is naturally a part of any relationship. In a friendship, love can mean so many things. It means being there when your friend needs you, no matter what the circumstances may be. It means listening to your friend’s problems and giving them advice to help them out when they are not sure what to do. Or l...

Catch-22 :: essays research papers fc

Catch-What   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Catch-22 is one of the most poorly constructed, and distasteful books I’ve ever read. It’s order of events, or lack of order, becomes clear after the very first chapter. In fact â€Å"It doesn’t even seem to have been written; instead it gives the impression of having been shouted onto paper† (Stern 50). By the middle of the book it seems every character in the book has lost any sense of morality they may have seemed to have. The novel â€Å"gasps for want of craft and sensibility† (Stern 50).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It seems to me that the only way to keep track of the order of events throughout the book is to pay attention to how many missions Colonel Cathcart has assigned. Immediately, even after the first chapter, chronological order is not followed. According to â€Å"The Structure of Joseph Heller’s Catch-22† by Jan Solomon the order of events seemed to follow two different time lines. The first, of course, was that of Yossarian. Yossarian’s time line follows his â€Å"psychological perception of events† (Potts 20). The other time line that appears in the book, according to Solomon, is that of Milo Minderbinder. Even this interpretation of the book having an order of events has a couple flaws in it. The biggest is that Milo and Yossarian are mentioned together in the book before they are introduced later in the book. The most apparent event that came to mind, was that they appeared together at Snowden’s funeral in the tree before they were introduced later in the book, which is actually earlier in time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book shows how personal morals are destroyed when faced with the thought of not being there the next day. â€Å"Many early reviewers†¦ complained that the novel had no moral center† (Potts 67). The women in the book take the hardest hit. The names Heller gives to the women, if he gives them a name at all, clearly states how they are portrayed, such as; Nately’s Whore, Nurse Duckett, and Dori Duz. Although Scheisskopf's wife and Luciana don’t have suggestive names, they are portrayed like the other women as well. An example of how offensive the women were in the book would be when Scheisskopf’s wife and Dori Duz slept with all the men stationed in the United States under Lieutenant Scheisskopf. The men in the book, however, are just as bad as the women. Colonel Cathcart shows how he is driven with greed and selfish-ambition.

The Movement of Liminal Women and its Consequences in Early Greek Myth :: Euripides Women Females Myths Essays

The Movement of Liminal Women and its Consequences in Early Greek Myth The title of this paper takes as its cue Blondell et al's Women on the Edge: Four Plays by Euripides, [1] which argues in its introduction that "[w]omen in tragedy often disrupt 'normal' life by their words and actions: they speak out boldly, tell lies, cause public unrest, violate custom, defy orders, even kill." (Blondell, Gamel, Rabinowitz, Sorkin and Zweig. 1999, x) The four plays selected by the editors - Alcestis, Medea, Helen and Iphigenia at Aulis offer "examples of women who support the status quo and women who oppose and disrupt it." (Blondell, Gamel, Rabinowitz, Sorkin and Zweig. 1999, x) Sometimes, however, it is enough that a woman merely be present for 'normal life' to be not only 'disrupted', but irrevocably altered. Further, a woman's transposition from one sphere to another, and her corresponding transition from one state to the next, may change the very nature of the cosmos itself. This article will discuss several shared characteristics in the myths of Pandora, Per sephone and Helen as presented in some of our earliest ancient Greek literary sources. Specifically, I shall look at those dating from the 8th to 6th centuries BCE: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey; Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days; the Homeric Hymn to Demeter and Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite; and finally, the Greek epic fragments. Pandora, Persephone and Helen have been chosen because their stories reflect the ongoing mythic preoccupation regarding the role of women within Greek society. It is possible to view the progression of the three as conforming to the rites de passage as described by Van Gennep in 1960 (10-11, 116 ff): We witness rites of separation, operating on two levels. First, despite their shared descent from, or creation by, the Olympian gods, they exist in the realm of mortals. Secondly, their partnerships are instigated either against or despite their will, and are marked by a concurrent development in the type of space they occupy. Rites of transition may be interpreted in the corresponding change of status that these women undergo - from daughters, virgins and legitimate spouses, to brides, wives and consorts. Finally, rites of incorporation occur once Pandora, Persephone and Helen are reintegrated into what the myths depict as a new world. This is achieved through aetiological explanations for the state of the cosmos and/or the institution of a new era of the human condition. The Movement of Liminal Women and its Consequences in Early Greek Myth :: Euripides Women Females Myths Essays The Movement of Liminal Women and its Consequences in Early Greek Myth The title of this paper takes as its cue Blondell et al's Women on the Edge: Four Plays by Euripides, [1] which argues in its introduction that "[w]omen in tragedy often disrupt 'normal' life by their words and actions: they speak out boldly, tell lies, cause public unrest, violate custom, defy orders, even kill." (Blondell, Gamel, Rabinowitz, Sorkin and Zweig. 1999, x) The four plays selected by the editors - Alcestis, Medea, Helen and Iphigenia at Aulis offer "examples of women who support the status quo and women who oppose and disrupt it." (Blondell, Gamel, Rabinowitz, Sorkin and Zweig. 1999, x) Sometimes, however, it is enough that a woman merely be present for 'normal life' to be not only 'disrupted', but irrevocably altered. Further, a woman's transposition from one sphere to another, and her corresponding transition from one state to the next, may change the very nature of the cosmos itself. This article will discuss several shared characteristics in the myths of Pandora, Per sephone and Helen as presented in some of our earliest ancient Greek literary sources. Specifically, I shall look at those dating from the 8th to 6th centuries BCE: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey; Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days; the Homeric Hymn to Demeter and Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite; and finally, the Greek epic fragments. Pandora, Persephone and Helen have been chosen because their stories reflect the ongoing mythic preoccupation regarding the role of women within Greek society. It is possible to view the progression of the three as conforming to the rites de passage as described by Van Gennep in 1960 (10-11, 116 ff): We witness rites of separation, operating on two levels. First, despite their shared descent from, or creation by, the Olympian gods, they exist in the realm of mortals. Secondly, their partnerships are instigated either against or despite their will, and are marked by a concurrent development in the type of space they occupy. Rites of transition may be interpreted in the corresponding change of status that these women undergo - from daughters, virgins and legitimate spouses, to brides, wives and consorts. Finally, rites of incorporation occur once Pandora, Persephone and Helen are reintegrated into what the myths depict as a new world. This is achieved through aetiological explanations for the state of the cosmos and/or the institution of a new era of the human condition.

Consumerism and the Environment Essay

Consumerism is a concept that was created before the Great Depression, which, by definition, means â€Å"the concept that an ever-expanding consumption of goods is advantageous to the economy; the fact or practice of an increasing consumption of goods†. In other words, consumerism has meant the transformation of citizens into shoppers. In fact, after the tragedy of 9/11, we were not asked to sacrifice or work hard in order to defeat terrorism, we were asked to go shopping. (Barber, 2008) Buying more products may help the economy but it is not good for the environment. Statistics show that the act of consumerism has negatively affected the environment and made a sustainable future very difficult. With the threat of overpopulation and the increased consumption of food and natural resources, our environment may not be able to sustain future generations. In looking at the statistics of consumption in America over the years, we have doubled or tripled our consumption of food and natural resources in the last 50 years. One of the root causes of our environmental problems is hyper-consumption. We simply buy too much of what we don’t need and often even what we really don’t want. According to Globalissues. org â€Å"half of the world lives on less that $2 a day† and WorldWatch. org or World Watch Institute states â€Å"12% of the world’s population lives in North America and Western Europe and accounts for 60% of private consumption spending†. The statistics of consumption in America is disturbing. Putting the consumption of food aside, global oil production is currently about 81 million barrels a day and is predicted to fall to 39 million barrels a day by 2030 due to diminishing resources. Seager, 2007) In 50 years and as these resources doubled in consumption, carbon dioxide levels increased over 20%, which is very harmful to our environment and the ozone. The world’s population needs to realize that consumerism is affecting the environment in very bad ways and people need to start changing the way they live and buy in order to help save the environment. The effect of consumerism to the environment has been well documented over the years. From fuel consumption to polluted air, a damaged ozone and massive waste and garbage dumped, our environment has taken a lot of hits. The increase of natural fuel over the last few decades has many people wondering what the world will do if we run out. The answer is simple. We need to transform the way we use fuel into re-usable, environmentally friendly fuel. That is easier said than done, but massive change is never easy. We also have to look at what damage this consumption is doing to the air and the ozone layer. The effect of ozone layer depletion often seems as if it is a far away problem. In reality, the weakening of the Earth’s protection from radiation has implications that spread across the planet. The Environmental issues caused by ozone layer depletion will ultimately affect everyone. (Ozone Layer Depletion, 2012) According to statistics, the holes in the ozone layer are getting bigger year by year. There may not be a way to reverse the damage that has been done, but we can prevent more damage just by making simple changes. The US produces nearly 230 million tons of trash per year and less than one fourth of it is recycled and the remaining garbage is burned. If we put a proper plan in place, we could recycle 70% of this waste and dramatically decrease the demand virgin resources. There are several environmental agencies that actively seek to make a change for the better. There is no one person or group able to make decisions that are binding upon all or even most of the participants in a movement. This makes negotiation and settlement difficult, if not impossible. Getting more people involved in environmental activism does not mean they need or have to picket or protest environmentally unfriendly businesses, just to be aware and work on their own consumption. (Arquilla & Ronfeldt, 2001) With the massive increase in consumption and the negative effect on the environment, the American government and corporations are putting plans into place to protect our environment. For example, according to thewhitehouse. gov, â€Å"The Obama Administration is committed to protecting the air we breathe, water we drink, and the land that supports and sustains us†. The Recover Act Investments in our Environment is finding for programs and projects that will protect the environment. The National Ocean Policy helps preserve our oceans. The government is also working to reduce air pollution by setting ambitious new fuel economy standards for cars and trucks that will raise the miles per gallon usage and decrease carbon emissions. The government has also proposed national standards for mercury, arsenic and other toxic air pollution from power plants. There is also the proposal for the development of clean energy, which, should slow down if not stop the usage of natural fuel and also have a positive effect on the environment. None of these proposals or policies has been put into place as of yet, but it is good to know that the government is at least working on a solution. Not only is the government working on a solution but also several of the leading corporations in America have â€Å"gone green† to help protect our environment. Companies like Bank of America, McDonald’s, Home Depot, Wal-Mart, and many others have decided to look at the big picture and give our environment a little help. Most of these big companies were big environmentally unfriendly companies and either chose to go green or had to go green because of falling profits. They had to go green because when the public got wind of the waste the company’s business suffered quite a bit. There are several things that we, as a nation, can do to help our environment and to ensure that we have a sustainable future. First thing that we need to do is to try and reverse as much damage that has been done to our environment as possible. In order to do that, some major changes have to be made. According to science. howstuffworks. com, doing the following things could help the environment in tremendous ways: Leave your car at home at least 2 days a week; it could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 1,590 pounds per year. Recycle all paper and plastic. If an office building of 7,000 workers recycled all of its office paper waste for a year, it would be like taking about 400 cars off the road. Compost your waste. Composting will reduce the amount of waste that is put into landfills or burned and polluting the air. With regards to preserving sustainable resources, that problem is a little tougher to solve. Fossil fuels are a finite resource, which means it has a limit and when it is gone there is no replacing it. We have to find environmentally friendly fuels to replace fossil fuels. We also have to be careful with our food, water, and soil. Several studies have shown that even if rely on renewable resources like rainwater, we have to make sure that rate of consumption does not exceed how much can be produced. We have the knowledge to help save and sustain our environment and population. Ever since the inception of Earth Day in 1970, activists have lobbied to get governments, corporations, and regular people to see the damage that is being done to our environment. These activists are and have been working ever vigilantly to get the word out that the environment is in trouble. We are seeing it now with the holes in the ozone and the depletion of the natural resources. Our society has been built on consumption and the idea that more is better. In order to reverse this way of thinking we have to change the way we do things. It is a long and hard process but if everyone, including governments and corporations, would do their small part we will have a more sustained and healthy environment.